Advanced - Supplementary Book (Jan 5 2018)

TABLEOFCONTENTS READING SECTION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1

True – False – Not Given Matching Sentence Endings Multiple Choice type 1 Matching Headings Multiple Choice type 2 (multiple answers) Matching Information Summary Completion Matching Features LISTENING SECTION Form Completion Flowchart Completion Labelling a Diagram Multiple Choice type 1 Multiple Choice type 2 Labelling a Map or Plan Note Completion (in section 4) Matching WRITING SECTION Describing a Table To What Extent do you Agree or Disagree? Describing a Process Two-part Questions Comparing Pie Charts Problems and Solutions Describing Maps / Plans Advantages & Disadvantages VOCABULARY SECTION Word lists Vocabulary List 1 208 Vocabulary List 2 211 Vocabulary List 3 214 Vocabulary List 4 218 Vocabulary List 5 221 Vocabulary List 6 225 Vocabulary List 7 229 Vocabulary List 8 232 Vocabulary List 9 236 Vocabulary List 10 240 Vocabulary List 11 244 PRACTICE TEST Practice Test

3 11 19 27 35 43 51 60 69 74 79 85 91 97 103 109 115 129 142 156 165 176 186 196 Vocabulary Review 248 252 258 263 268 272 277 282 287 292 296 300

READING SECTION

TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN OBJECTIVES: Afterthislesson,youshouldbeabletohandle theIELTSReading–True/False/NotGivenandYes/No/Not Giventypesofquestions. STRATEGIES: DESCRIPTION  Targetedskills: o Scanningforfactualinformationgiveninthepassage o Closereading  Youwillbegivenanumberofstatementsandasked:‘Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththe informationinthetext?’  Youarerequiredtowrite‘TRUE’,‘FALSE’or‘NOTGIVEN’(‘YES’/’NO’/’NOTGIVEN’)intheboxeson youranswersheet. E.g.Bedtimeisat10.30forchildrenunder12andat11.30forolderchildren.OnFridayand Saturdaynightsbedtimeisanhourlater. a. Childrenaged11gotobedat9.30onFridayevenings. FALSE b. Childrenaged12andabovecanstayuppastmidnighttwotimesaweek. TRUE c. Childrencanwakeupanhourlateronweekends. NOTGIVEN  Answersusually followthepassageorder. ACTIONPLAN Tip:PayspecialattentiontoEXTREME 1. Readtheinstructioncarefullytoseeifyouhavetowrite wordsthatgiveextrameaningstothe ‘TRUE’,‘FALSE’,or‘YES’,‘NO.’ key words: quantifiers (ONLY, ALL, 2. Readthestatementcarefullytomakesureyoufully FEW, SOME), negative (NOT, understandit. NEITHER),comparisonwords(MORE, 3. Highlightthekeywordsorphrasesinthestatementandscan LESS, RARELY, ALWAYS, SELDOM). fortheminthepassage. They usually play a key role in 4. Thewordsorphrasesusedinthetextandthestatementmight deciding whether a statement is notbeexactlythesame,butsynonymousyoushouldalso TRUE,FALSEorNOTGIVEN scanforparaphrasesandsynonyms 5. Onceyouspottheinformationinthepassage,carefullyread aroundthekeywords.Youshouldalsoreadtheprecedingandfollowingsentencesoftheone containingthekeywords. (Inmanycases,apieceofinformationisexpressedinbitsindifferentsentences.Youhaveto collectthesebitstofullyunderstandthewholemeaning.) 6. Write: o TRUEifthestatementagreeswithwhatisinthepassageTheysharethesamemeaning o FALSEifthestatementcontradictswhatisinthepassageTheyhaveoppositemeanings o NOTGIVENifthereisno,ornotenough,or unrelatedinformationinthepassagenotTRUEor FALSE

7. Usetheinformationprovidedinthepassageonly Donotmakeuseofyourownknowledgefromoutsidethetextwhendecidingtheanswer 8. Repeatthestepsabovefortheotherstatements 9. Timemanagement:Youshouldspendabout1minuteoneachquestion. MODELPRACTICE Readthepassagebelowandanswerquestionsthat follow.

TheRisksofCigaretteSmoke Discoveredintheearly1800sandnamed‘nicotianine’,theoilyessencenowcallednicotineisthemain active ingredient of tobacco. Nicotine, however, is only a small component of cigarette smoke, which containsmorethan4,700chemicalcompounds,including43cancer‐causingsubstances.Inrecenttimes, scientificresearchhasbeenprovidingevidencethatyearsofcigarettesmokingvastlyincreasestheriskof developingfatalmedicalconditions. In addition to being responsible for more than 85 per cent of lung cancers, smoking is associated with cancers of, amongst others, the mouth,stomachandkidneys,andisthoughttocauseabout14percent ofleukemiaandcervicalcancers.In1990,smokingcausedmorethan 84,000 deaths, mainly resulting from such problems as pneumonia, bronchitisandinfluenza.Smoking,itisbelieved,isresponsiblefor30 per cent of all deaths from cancer and clearly represents the most important preventable cause of cancer in countries like the United Statestoday.

1. Thirtypercentofdeaths inthe UnitedStatesarecausedby smoking‐relateddiseases. Thisstatementisnottrue accordingtotheclaiminthe passage,becausesmokingis believedtoberesponsiblefor 30%ofdeathsfromcanceronly NO

Passivesmoking,thebreathinginoftheside‐streamsmokefromtheburningoftobaccobetweenpuffs orofthesmokeexhaledbyasmoker,alsocausesaserioushealthrisk.Areportpublishedin1992bythe USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)emphasizedthehealthdangers,especiallyfromside‐stream smoke.Thistypeofsmokecontainsmoresmallerparticlesandisthereforemorelikelytobedeposited deepinthelungs.Onthebasisofthisreport,theEPAhasclassifiedenvironmentaltobaccosmokeinthe highestriskcategoryforcausingcancer. Asanillustrationofthehealthrisks,inthecaseofamarriedcouplewhereonepartnerisasmokerand oneanon‐smoker,thelatterisbelievedtohavea30percenthigherriskofdeathfromheartdisease becauseofpassivesmoking.Theriskoflungcanceralsoincreasesovertheyearsofexposureandthe figurejumpsto80percentifthespousehasbeensmokingfourpacksadayfor20years.Ithasbeen calculatedthat17percentofcasesoflungcancercanbeattributedtohighlevelsofexposuretosecond‐ handtobaccosmokeduringchildhoodandadolescence. AmorerecentstudybyresearchersattheUniversityofCaliforniaatSanFrancisco(UCSF)hasshownthat second‐hand cigarette smoke does more harm to non‐smokers than to smokers. Leaving aside the philosophicalquestionofwhetheranyoneshouldhavetobreathesomeoneelse’scigarettesmoke,the report suggests that the smoke experienced by many people in their daily lives is enough to produce substantialadverseeffectsonaperson’sheartandlungs.

Questions1‐4 Dothefollowingstatementsreflecttheclaimsofthewriterinthereadingpassage?Write YESifthestatementreflectstheclaimsofthewriter NOifthestatementcontradictstheclaimsofthewriter NOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis 1. 2. 3. 4.

ThirtypercentofdeathsintheUnitedStatesarecausedbysmoking‐relateddiseases.…NO......... Ifonepartnerinamarriagesmokes,theotherislikelytotakeupsmoking. ................ Teenagerswhoseparentssmokeareatriskofgettinglungcanceratsometimeduringtheirlives.... OpponentsofsmokingfinancedtheUCSFstudy. ................

EXTRAEXERCISE1 Readthepassagebelowandanswerthequestionsthatfollow

Theworldtheboxmade OnApril26,1956,acraneliftedfifty‐eightaluminumtruckbodiesaboardanageingtankershipmoored in Newark, New Jersey, USA. Five days later, the Ideal‐X sailed into Houston, where fifty‐eight trucks waited to take on the metal boxes and haul them to their destinations. Such was the beginning of a revolution. Decadeslater,whenenormoustrailertruckshaulingnothingbutstacksofboxesrumblethroughthenight, itishardtofathomjusthowmuchthecontainerhaschangedtheworld.In1956,Chinawasnottheworld's workshop.ItwasnotroutineforshopperstofindBrazilianshoesandMexicanvacuumcleanersinstores inthemiddleofKansas.JapanesefamiliesdidnoteatbeeffromWyoming,andFrenchclothingdesigners didnothavetheirclothessewninVietnam.Beforethecontainer,transportinggoodswassoexpensive thatitdidnotpaytoshipmanythingshalfwayaroundtheworld. Whatisitaboutthecontainerthatissoimportant?Surelynotthethingitself–analuminumorsteel boxwithtwoenormousdoorsatoneend.Thevalueofthisutilitarianobjectliesnotinwhatitlooks like, butinhowitisused.Thecontainerisatthecoreofahighlyautomatedsystemformovinggoodsfrom anywheretoanywherewithaminimumofcostandcomplication. The container made shipping cheap and by doing so changed the shape of the world economy. The thousandsofill‐paidworkerswhooncemadetheirlivingsloadingandunloadingshipsineveryportare no more, their tight‐knit waterfront communities now just memories. Cities that had been centres of maritimecommerceforcenturies,suchasNewYorkandLiverpool,sawtheirwaterfrontsdeclinewith startlingspeed.Atthesametime,themanufacturerslocatednearthemforconveniencemovedaway. Venerableshiplineswerecrushedbythe enormouscostofadaptingtocontainershipping. Merchant mariners,whohadshippedouttoseetheworld,hadtheirshoreleavereducedtoafewhoursashorein a remote parking lot for containers, their ships ready to leave as soon as high‐speed cranes finished movingthegiantboxesoffandontheships. Evenasithelpeddestroytheoldeconomy,thecontainerhelpedbuildanewone.Sleepyharbourssuch asPusanandSeattlemovedintothefrontranksoftheworld'sportsandmassivenewportswerebuiltin placeslikeFelixstoweintheUKandTanjungPelepasinMalaysia,wherenonehadbeenbefore.Small townswithcheaplandandlowwagesenticedfactoriesawayfromtheoldharbours.Sprawlingindustrial complexesemployingthousandstomanufactureproductsfromstarttofinishgavewaytosmaller,more specialisedplantsthatshippedhalf‐finishedgoodstooneanotherinever‐lengtheningsupplychains.Poor countriescouldrealisticallydreamofbecomingsupplierstowealthycountriesfaraway.Hugeindustrial complexesmushroomedinplaceslikeLosAngelesandHongKongonlybecausethecostofbringingraw materialsinandsendingfinishedgoodsouthaddroppedlikeastone.

Questions1‐8 Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninthereadingpassage? Write: TRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformation FALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformation NOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthis

1. Inthemid‐1950s,thetransportationofmetalcontainersusingvesselsandheavyvehicleswas common…………………..… 2. Containers,likemanyothergoods,aremadeinChina.………………… 3. Thecontainerenabledtradeingoodsthatwerepreviouslytooexpensivetosellindistantcountries ………………… 4. Thevalueofthecontainerliesinitsefficientstructure………………… 5. Thecontainerallowedthecontinuingemploymentofarmiesofwatersideworkers………………… 6. Sailorshopingtovisitexoticlocationsfoundthatthisdidnothappeninthewaytheyexpected ………………… 7. Singapore,likeotherAsianports,expandedfromasleepyharbortoamassivenewport………………… 8. Therewasconsiderabledownsizingoffactories,assupplychainsalteredinsize…………………

EXTRAPRACTICE2 Readthepassagebelowandcompletetheexercisesthatfollow

SleepingOnTheJob NorthAmericansarenotapeopleofthesiesta.Thereisatendencytoassociateafternoon napswith lazinessandnon‐productivity.LatinAmericansandsomeinEuropeanculturestakeadifferentview.In MexicoandGreece,forexample,itiscustomarytoclosebusinessesbetweennoonandabout4:00pm‐ siestatime.Recentstudiesareshowingthatifyoucantakea15to30‐minutenapwhileatworkinthe afternoon, you'll be more alert, more energetic, happier doing what you do, more productive and therefore more likely to get ahead. Napping on the job is not yet a trend but there is serious talk in academiccirclesaboutthemeritsof'powernapping'. Bysomeestimates,theaverageAmericancollectsanannual'sleepdebt'of500hours–subtractingfrom anassumednormofeighthoursanight.TwooutofthreeAmericansgetlessthaneighthoursofsleepa nightduringtheworkweek,accordingtoarecentstudybytheNationalSleepFoundationinWashington. Fortypercentsaythey're sotiredthat itinterferes withtheirdailyactivities. SleepresearcherWilliam Anthony,aprofessorofpsychologyatBostonUniversity,saysfatigueisasignificantprobleminmodern society.Hesayssleepinessisaleadingcauseofautoaccidents,secondonlytodrunkenness. All that drowsiness costs an estimated $18 billion annually in lost productivity. 'We have a simple message,'saysProfessorAnthony.'Peopleshouldbeallowedtonapattheirbreaks.Therationaleisa productivityone–workersaresleepy,andwhenthey'resleepyonthejobthey'renotproductive.'Some companiesareencouragingsleepatwork,primarilyforsafety.TheMetropolitanTransitAuthority,which runstheNewYorksubwaysystemandtwosuburbanrailroads,isconsideringpowernapsforitstrain operatorsandbusdrivers.Anotherrailwayhasstartedlettingitstrainoperatorstakenapbreaksofupto 45minutesbutonlywhentrainsarestoppedatdesignatedspotsoffthemainlinesanddispatchershave beennotified.Someoverseasaircarrierspermitairlinepilots,whennotonduty,tonapintheco*ckpit. AirlinesintheUnitedStateshavenotacceptedthispracticeyet.AccordingtotheEncyclopediaofSleep andDreaming:'Thereisabiologically‐basedtendencytofallasleepinmid‐afternoonjustasthereisa tendencytofallasleepatnight.Moreover,ifsleepthenightbeforeisreducedordisturbedforanyreason, anapthesubsequentafternoonisnotonlymorelikelytooccur,butitcanalsorelievesleepinessand increasealertness.' Thenapzone,documentedinnumerousstudies,istypicallybetweennoonand3:00pm.Somepeople powerthroughthisnaturalslowdownwithcaffeineorsugarbutifemployersallowednaps,thebenefits would be improvements in mood and performance, especially in mid‐afternoon. Workers would concentratebetterandpersevereintaskslonger.Workerscommonlysneaknapsevenwithoutpermission butsomecompanieshavebegunencouragingnapsaspartoftheirpoliciesonboostingproduction.One USdistributor,isopeninga2,000‐square‐footnapfacilitythatprovidesbedsforupto20ofits225workersata time. A company in Japan sets up tents in business offices, provides eyeshades and ear plugs and encouragesemployeestosnoozeinthemiddleoftheworkday.AccordingtoProfessorAnthony,'You're

notgoingtoseenappingattraditionaltypesofoperations...butin21stcentury‐styleoperations,thisisn't goingtobeaperk.It'sgoingtohavemoretodowithproductivity.Smartemployersareunderstanding thattheiremployeesneedresttodotheirbest.' Somesuspectthatcorporatenaptime,likeotherperks,isjustawaytokeeppeopleattheofficelonger. Ontheotherhand,growingflexibilityinhours,forsomeworkers,isallowingnaptimestobecomemore common.WithelevenmillionAmericanstelecommutingandanotherfortymillionworkingoutoftheir homesfull‐orpart‐time,officehoursarebasicallyaslongasyoucanstayawake.Onethingissure:longer commutes,moreintense,stressfulworkdaysandhigherproductiondemandsaretakingatoll.So,with Americanssleepinglessandworkinglongerhours,someemployersarewarminguptotheideathata littlenapinthemiddleofthedaycanbegoodforbusiness.

Question1 ChoosethecorrectanswerA‐D. 1. Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsissupportedbyrecentresearch? A. B. C. D.

Nappingisanindicatoroflaziness. TwothirdsofAmericanssleeptoomuch. Nappingintheworkplaceisacurrenttrend. Shortnapsatworkincreaseproductivity.

Questions2‐6 Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationinthetext? Write: TRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformation FALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinfomation. NOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthis. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Thenumberonecauseofcaraccidentsisalcohol intoxication. ThemajorityofAmericanssleepatleasteighthoursanight. LatinAmericansbelievethosewhonapintheafternoonarelazy. Anapinthemiddleofthedaycanimproveyourmood. 6. Peoplewhonapregularlylivelonger.

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

Questions 7-9 Chooseonephrasefromthelistinthebox(A‐F)tocompleteeachofthefollowingsentences. 7. Humansarebiologicallyprogrammedto... 8. Employeesofsomeprogressivecompaniesareencouragedto... 9. Traditionalemployersarelikelyto... A. drinkcoffeetostayawakeduringtheafternoon B. haveanapduringbreaks C. fallasleepwhentheyarebored D. sneaknapswithoutpermission E. resistthetrendtowardnapping F. fallasleepintheafternoon Questions10‐11 CompletethefollowingsentencesusingNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromthepassage. 10. Inthetransportation,industrynappingisamatterof................................. 11. Onsomeairlines,pilotscansleepintheco*ckpitif......................................

Questions12‐13 Choosethecorrectanswer,A‐D. 12. Accordingtothewriter,inAmericatheworkplaceisbecoming... A. B. C. D.

lessflexible. moreexciting. lessdemanding. morestressful.

13. Accordingtothewriter,whatisthemainreasonwhyemployerssupporttheideaofnapsatwork? A. B. C. D.

forhealthreasons topromotesafety toincreaseproductivity toencouragecreativity

MATCHING SENTENCE ENDINGS OBJECTIVES: Afterthislesson,youshouldbeabletohandletheIELTSReadingMatchingSentenceEndings questiontype.

STRATEGIES: DESCRIPTION  Targetedskills: o Scanning o Matchingparaphrases  Youaregivensentencestems(thesearequestionsandusuallymarkedinnumbers1,2,or3) andyouneedtoselectthecorrectsentenceending(theseareoptionsandusuallymarkeda,b, orc)fromalist.Thecorrectcombinationwillcorrectlyreflectspecificinformationinthetext.  Thereareusuallyfewersentencestemsthanoptions,sosomeoptionsmightnotbeused. ACTIONPLAN 1. Readtheinstructioncarefullytoseeifanoptioncanbe Tips usedmorethanonce  Selecttheendingsusingthe 2. Start with the given stems by underlining their key informationinthepassage.Don’t words. base your answers on your own 3. Trytopredicttheanswer:whichwordtype(noun,verb, knowledge. adjective,etc.)shouldbeincluded?Shouldthestembe  Lookforsynonymsand followedbyaphraseoraclause? paraphrases.Sometimes,theexact 4. Scanfortheunderlinedkeywordsineachstem.Look keywordmaybeadistractor. forsynonymsandparaphrases. 5. Readthesentencewiththeparaphrasedkeywordsaswellasthesentencesaroundit carefully. 6. Readeachoftheoptionsandchoosetheonethatbestreflectstheinformationinthe text.Rememberthattheoptionmaybeparaphrased. 7. Check if thesentenceisgrammaticallycorrectoncethetwopartsarejoined. 8. Timemanagement:1minuteforeachquestion.

MODELPRACTICE Readthepassagebelowandanswerquestions1‐5

WAVEENERGY 1. A Theelectricitygeneratedby waveenergyiseasily convertedtoanumberofuses. Inthepassage:Thekeywords are:usedfordomestic/ commercialenergygeneration /waterdesalinationetc.which meansthereareanumberof usesfromtheelectricity generatedbywaveenergy.

Wave energy, which differs from tidal power and ocean current energy, is the energy generated by surface ocean waves. These wavesarecausedbyanumberofforces,includingthegravitational pull of the Sun and Moon, earthquakes, and especially the wind moving at a higher speed across the surface of ocean water. A featureofwaveenergyisthatitisirregularandoscillating–thatis, vibrating.

Interestinrenewable,non‐pollutingformsofenergyhasledtothe developmentofnewtechnologiestoharnesstheenergyofwaves. Althoughattemptshavebeenmadetodothissincethe1890s,itis onlyinrecentyearsthatfledglingenergytechnologieshavebeen developed that could generate commercially viable amounts of electricityonagreaterscaleinthefuture.Thiselectricitycouldbe usedfordomesticandcommercialenergygeneration,waterdesalinationandthepumpingofwater intoreservoirs. Thereareseveralmethodsofharnessingwaveenergy.Itmaybetakenfromlocationseitheratornear the shoreline or further out to sea and either from the surface of the ocean or from pressure fluctuationsbelowthesurface.There arethree mainmethodsofdoingthis:floatsonthesurface, wavesurgedevicesandoscillatingwatercolumns.Thelatterarethemostcommoncurrentlybeing used. Thereareanumberofadvantagestothissourceofenergy.Thefirstisthattherearealargenumber oflocationscapableofbeingexploited.TheseincludethewesternseaboardofEurope,thenorthcoast oftheUnitedKingdom,thePacificcoastlinesofNorthandSouthAmericaandthewesterncoastsof SouthAfrica,AustraliaandNewZealand.Thepresenceofstrong,reliablewesterlywindsisasignificant factor. Other advantages include the fact that the energy source is free, with no waste and with significantamountsofenergybeingabletobeproduced. However,thereareanumberofdisadvantages.Thecostofinstallingthetechnologyandcapturing the energy over a large area is a significant factor. The energy levels tend to fluctuate, making it difficultforpowergenerators,whichneedaconstantsteadyflowofpower.Thedevicesinstalledneed tosurvivethestormandsaltwaterdamage.Noiseandvisualpollutionmayhaveanegativeimpacton coastalcommunities,andthefishingindustrymaybeaffected. Whilethistechnologyhasenormouspotentialtoprovidelargeamountsofelectricity,itsusemaybe restrictedbytheabovefactorsaswellasbythecompetitivedisadvantagesitfacesinanenergymarket dominatedbysubsidisedlow‐costfossilfuelsandnucleargenerationfacilities.

Questions1‐5 Matcheachsentencewiththecorrectending,A–G,below. 1. Theelectricitygeneratedbywaveenergy

……………………

2. Onesourceofwaveenergy

……………………

3. Oneadvantageofwaveenergy

……………………

4. Asignificantdisadvantageofusingwaveenergy

……………………

5. Onesourceofcompetitionforwaveenergy

……………………

A. B. C. D. E. F. G.

iseasilyconvertedtoanumberofuses. isthatithasbeenusedsincethe1890s. sharessimilaritieswithotheroceanenergies. issomesubsidisedformsoffuels. isthefinancialexpenditurerequired. isfrombelow‐surfacepressures. isthatitisfreeandavailablein many places.

EXTRAPRACTICE1 Readthefollowingpassageandanswerthequestionsthatfollow.

HulaDancinginHawaiian Culture ManypeopledreamofvisitingthebeautifulHawaiianIslands.MentionofthisPacificparadiseevokes images of women in grass skirts swaying their hips as they perform graceful island dances for the benefitoftourists.AlthoughthisimageisacommonstereotypeofHawaii,ithasitsrootsinareal traditionthatcontinuestoplayanimportantroleinHawaiianculture. HuladancinghasalwaysbeenpartofHawaiianlife.Hawaiianmythologyincludesvariousstoriesthat explaintheoriginsofhula,eachstoryattributingitscreationtoadifferentgodorgoddessanditsfirst appearance to a different location. In reality, hula dancing is such an ancient tradition that it is impossibletosaywhenorwhereitfirstappeared.Itwasmostlikelyoriginallyperformedinfrontof analtarinhonourofgodsandaccompaniedbygreatritual.Itisacommonbeliefthattheancienthula wasdancedonlybymen,butsomescholarspointtoevidencesuggestingthathulawastraditionally dancedbybothmenandwomen. TheEnglishexplorerCaptainJamesCook'svisittotheislandsintheeighteenthcenturycausedmany changestoHawaiiansocietyasaresultofthecontactwithEuropeanculture.Althoughhuladidnot completelydisappearaftercontact,itwasdiscouraged.KingDavidKalakauaiscreditedwithreviving huladancingduringhisreigninthelatenineteenthcentury.Hewasinterestedinre‐establishinglost traditions,andhulawasperformedatcelebrationsheldinhishonour. Inthe1960s,aHawaiianculturalfestivalwasestablishedaspartofanefforttoattractmoretourists totheislands.Amajorpartofthisfestivalconsistedofhulacompetitions,whichwereorganisedinto categoriesofhulakahiko,orhuladancedintheancientstyle,andhulaauana,ormodernhula.This festival, called the Merrie Monarch Festival in honor of King David Kalakaua, has become a major annualculturalevent.Thehulacompetitionisacentralpartofthefestivalandhashadasignificant influenceonmodernhuladancing. Hulacontinuestobedancedinboththeancientandmodernstyles.Traditionalhulaisanenergetic dance performed to the accompaniment of chants and the beating of drums. The dancers wear traditionalcostumesconsistingofgarlandsofleaves,skirtsoftapa(atypeofbark),andankletsmade of animal bone. Many of the movements of modern hula are based on the ancient hula, but the modern style is slower and more graceful. It is danced to flowing guitar and ukulele music, and the dancerswearelaboratecostumes,includingthefamousHawaiianfloralgarlandsknownaslets.

Hulahasattractedtheinterestofpeopleoutsidetheislands,andhulaschoolscanbefoundinmany partsoftheworld.Althoughpeopleofothernationalitieslearntodancesomeformofhula,itisalso dancedbyHawaiianswholiveawayfromtheislands,onthemainlandUnitedStates,inEurope,and elsewhere.IthasbecomeawayfornativeHawaiianstomaintaintheirculturalidentityevenwhile living away from their island homeland. What was once a religious ritual has become a form of entertainment,notonlyfortourists,butalsofornativeHawaiianswhoseektomaintainconnections withtheirculturalheritage.

Questions1‐5 Matcheachsentencewiththecorrectending,A–H,below. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Originally,hulawasdanced… Huladancingwasdiscouraged… Hulawasrevivedinthenineteenthcentury… Modernhuladancesareaccompanied… HuladancinghasbeenpartofHawaiianculture…

A.byguitars. B.sinceancienttimes. C.bythetouristindustry. D.bydancerswearingfloralgarlands. E.nearanaltar. F.aftercontactwithEuropeans. G.incompetitions. H.byaHawaiianking.

EXTRAPRACTICE2 Readthepassagebelowandcompletetheexercisesthatfollow.

Onlytheeagle‐eyedwillspotafake A.Donaturalhistoryprogrammesontelevisiondistortreality?Ofcoursetheydo.Goforawalkina tropicalrainforestafterwatchingaprogrammeaboutoneandyouwillbeinnodoubtofthat.On television,allkindsofanimalsappearedcontinuouslyallovertheplace.Inreality,youmaybelucky toseeasinglebirdormonkey. B.Butaretheredistortionsthataremoreseriousthanthat?Doesitmatterthataprogrammeabout thelifeofapolarbear,filmedforthemostpartintheArctic,includesshotsofamotherbeargiving birth that were taken in a zoo – and that the commentary did not say so? That depends on the programme.IftheprogrammeclaimedtoberecordingtheactualadventuresofanArcticexplorer thenthatwouldclearlybewrong.Butifitsaimwastodocumentthelifehistoryofthepolarbearthen Ibelievethatcouldbeacceptable.Filmingapolarbearbirthinthewildisvirtuallyimpossible.Trying todosomightwellendangerthelivesofboththecameramanandthecub,werethemothertobe disturbed.Sotheonlywaytoincludeshotsofthatcrucialeventinabear'slifeistofilmitincaptivity. C.Isitacceptable–onoccasion–tousefilmtosuggestthatsomethinghappenedwhichdidnot? Sometimesitis.Thatswoopbyaperegrinefalcondidnot,infact,resultinthedeathofa*grouse.The puffoffeathersrisingintotheskywasthrownintotheairbyoneofthefilmcrew.Withsuchashotat hisdisposaltheskilfulfilmeditorwasabletocreateasequencerepresentingasuccessfulperegrine hunt–withoutitcostingthelifeofabird. D.Butsuchstagingsmustbedonewithcare.Sometimes,afilmshowsaneventthatnotonlydidnot takeplaceonthatoccasion,buthasneverhappened–ever.Themostnotoriousexamplecomesnot fromtelevisionbutfromthecinema.ProducersworkingforDisneyintheyearswhentheorganisation regularlyproducednaturalhistorydocumentaries,madeafilmabouttheArctic.Itshighlightwasa sequence featuring lemmings. Every few years, according to a widely‐believed story, lemming numbers increase to such an extent that the animals, swarming over the tundra, eventually deliberately commit suicide by swimming out to sea and drowning themselves. So the film team workinginnorthernCanadapaidlocalchildrentocollectlivelemmings.Afewdozenwerethentaken downtoanenclosureonthebanksofariverandfilmedinsuchawaythatthefewdozenappeared tobeaplague.Theywerethenchivvieduntiltheycametotheedgeofariverbankandtumbledover itintothewater.Andthefilm‐makershadtheirsequence. E. The need for such tricks has, over the years, become less and less. Lenses have become more powerful.Thelargefilmcamerasdrivenbyclockworkthatwehadtouseafewdecadesagohavebeen replacedbyelectroniccameras,somenobiggerthanalipstickthatcanbestrappedtoaneagle'sback orlowereddownamouse‐hole.Wecannow,withinfra‐redlight,recordwhatgoesoninwhatappears tobothanimalsandourselvestobetotaldarkness. F.But,paradoxically,thesehugeadvancesinourabilitytorecordrealityhavecoincidedwithother developmentsthatenableustofalsifymoreconvincinglythanever.Justascomputerimagingcan bringlong‐extinctdinosaursbacktolife,sothesametechniquescouldalsomakelivinganimalsappear

todothingsthatacameramanfailedtofilminreality–maybebecausehewasunluckyorbecause,in spite of what some book said, the animal in fact never behaves that way. We can now combine picturessoperfectlythatanaturalhistorypresentercouldappeartobecrouchingwithinayardofa ferociousanimalthathehasnevereverseen.Thathasnothappenedyet–asfarasIknow.Itwould benicetosaythatifyouorIlookedcloselyenoughwecouldspotit.Butelectronictechniquesare nowsoingeniousthatsuchdeceptionscouldbealmostundetectable. G.Inthesecirc*mstances,televisionproducersandtheorganisationswhichtransmittheirworkhave to guard their reputations for honesty with greater care than ever. The BBC Natural History Unit alreadyhasacodegoverningthetreatmentofanimalsduringfilming.Thewelfareofthesubjectis moreimportantthanthesuccessofthefilm.Thereshouldbenolightingthatmakesiteasierforone animal to hunt another. It also lays down rules about deceptions. Telling the story of an animal identifiedasanindividualbutusingshotsofseveralisnowimpermissible.Othertricksandtechniques wehaveusedinthepast,nomatterhowwell‐intentioned,arenolongeracceptable. H.Asfilm‐makerstryingtoilluminatethenaturalworld,wemustbeallowedtomanipulateimages anduseallthedevicesthatrecenttechnologicaladvanceshavegivenus.Butwemustalsorecognise ourresponsibilitiestoscientifictruth.Theeventsandthecreatureswechroniclearemorethanjust entertainmentthatcanbejazzeduptotaste. Questions1‐8 DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeviewsofthewriterinReadingPassage2?Write: YES ifthestatementagreeswiththeviewsofthewriter NO ifthestatementcontradictstheviewsofthewriter NOTGIVEN ifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis 1. Itmaybejustifiabletopretendthatafilmwasshotinaparticularlocation. ........................ 2. Itmaybeimpossibletoavoidshowingacreaturebeingkilled.

........................

3. Somefilm‐makershavepresentedanaccurateviewoflemmingbehaviour. ........................ 4. Therearemoreinstancesoffalsehoodinwildlifefilm‐makingnowthanthereusedtobe...... 5. Publishedaccountsofanimalbehaviourmaybeincorrect.

........................

6.Itispossiblethatfilmshavebeenmadeshowingpresentersnearertoanimalsthantheyreallywere. ........................ 7. Wildlife films made by the BBC have a higher reputation than those made by many other film‐ makers. ........................ 8. Falseimpressionsinwildlifefilmsinthepastweresometimescreatedforgoodreasons.......

Questions9‐12 CompleteeachsentencewiththecorrectendingA‐Gfromtheboxbelow. 9. Aprogrammeaboutthetropicalrainforest

..............

10. Aprogrammeaboutpolarbears

..............

11. Afilminvolvingabirdofpreykillinganotherbird

..............

12. Afilminvolvinganeagleinflight

..............

A. B. C. D. E. F. G.

islikelytohavebenefitedfromadvancesintechnology. mayshowsomethingthatneverreallyhappens. mayneedtoincludematerialnotfilmedinthewild. islikelytobeperceivedasunrealisticbyviewers. islikelytogiveafalseimpressionoftheamountofwildlife. maycorrectcommonbutincorrectbeliefs. maynotactuallyshowtheeventitpretendstoshow.

Question13 ChoosethecorrectletterA‐D. Whatisthewriter'smainpointinthepassageasawhole? A.Moreattentionshouldbepaidtotheissueoftheauthenticityofwildlifefilms. B.Advancesintechnologyhavecreatedproblemsforwildlifefilm‐makerswhoareconcernedwiththe truth. C. It is acceptable for wildlife film‐makers to falsify images as long as they present accurate information. D.Thedesiretoentertainhasbeguntooutweighotherconsiderationsinwildlifefilm‐making.

MULTIPLE CHOICE type 1 OBJECTIVES: Afterthislesson,youshouldbeabletohandletheIELTSreading–multiplechoicequestiontype. STRATEGIES: DESCRIPTION  Targetedskill:skimmingandscanning 

Therearetwotypesofmultiplechoicequestions: o

Intype1,thereisonlyonecorrectoption

Intype2,therearetwoormorecorrectoptions



Theanswersfollowthepassageorder.



Youonlyneedtowritethecorrectletter(A,B,CorD)intheanswersheet.

ACTIONPLAN Tips: 1. Readtheinstructioncarefullytoseewhattypeoftaskyoudeal with.  Normally, you should focus on the 2. Underline/highlight/circle the keywords in the question or chunk of text that contains the unfinishedstatement. information related to the keywords in 3. Lookforandmatchthesekeywords(ortheirparaphrase)inthe the questions. This will help you avoid gettingdistracted. passage–makesureyouarelookingattherightplaceforthe  Avoidreadingaheadthechoicesbefore answer. youcangettheanswerfromthepassage. 4. Readaroundthesectionoftextyouhavefoundandseeifyou Readingthemaheadonlyconfusesyou. canfindwordsorexpressionsthatmatchtheoptions. 5. Onceyouhavegraspedthemeaning of the part in the passage, compare that to the meaning of each of the four options. 6. Eliminateanyoptionsthataredefinitelywrong.Incorrectoptionsmaybe:  Anoptionwhichcontainsinformationthatisnotmentionedinthetext  Anoptionwhichcontainsinformationcontradictingthatinthetext  Anoptionthatisnotrelatedtothegivenhalfofthestatementthoughitmay includesomekeywords  Avagueoptionthatmayseemtrue,yetthere islittleevidencetosupportit 7. Decidewhichoptioniscorrect.Itisthetrueparaphraseoftheideasinthepassage. 8. Timemanagement:about1minuteperquestion

MODEL PRACTICE Read the text below and answer the questions that follow 'It was so good that my brother, Hash, can type faster than most people using both hands,' said the managing director and founder of KeyPoint Technologies, based in the Innovation Centre, Hillington, Glasgow. 'It helped him use his left hand effectively – and it gave him the confidence to paint again with that hand.' Hash's accident, which left him disabled, was also the genesis of the software application, written and devised by San jay Patel, now 38, that is set to change the way we punch information into our mobile phones and computer keyboards. Patel and his associates, John Locker, a former games developer, and Dr. Mark Dunlop of Strathclyde University and a leading authority on user interface systems, have created AdapTex, a language processing system that cuts down keystroking by around 80%. The software analyses the user's writing patterns and predicts words, cutting down on the number of keystrokes required. It has seen some of the technology industry's biggest players knocking at Patel's door. 'Originally it was an ergonomic idea targeting people with disabilities, but the more research I did, I thought this applies to more than disabled people. The driving force was to reduce the actual physical activity. So in 1997 I started working on creating a piece of software for the mass market that would learn your language traits. It made me realise how inefficient we were when it comes to writing information with e-mail, text messaging, and word-processing on a keyboard. Everybody wants to go faster, so they build the technologies to move faster; what hasn't changed is the human ability to use that technology more effectively,' he said. We don't want to change people's practices, we have to complement or improve them. But you can't expect people to change unless you make things better, simpler to use and non-intrusive. I think that's why AdapTex intelligence systems are creating such interest.' Over the past 15 years, Patel has worked within systems architecture in telecoms and finance. He worked for Nucleus Consulting and project-managed the setting-up of a system for the Merchants' Exchange of St Louis, under the guidance of the Chicago Board of Trade. He completed the two-year contract in a little over a year. Today Sanjay Patel lives in Partick in Glasgow. Previously from Croydon, he was encouraged to move to Scotland by the prospect of support from Scottish Enterprise, Scottish Development International and by the availability of specialist facilities at the Innovation Centre. 1. D Incorrect answers: A: This is true but it is not what makes it innovative. B: A mobile phone using guesswork is predictive and unnatural  not innovative

Patel's software takes the predictive text used on mobile phones to the next level: 'A mobile phone is predictive, which uses guesswork, it isn't natural.(B) What we have created is pre-emptive because it is relevant and uses the context. It learns and reshapes itself dynamically. It is about recognition of the patterns you use and is therefore unique to the user (D). It remodels itself from any document to reflect the author's natural vocabulary, language traits and topics, he said.

Patel’s family arrived in the UK in the 1970s after fleeing from ldi Amin's regime in Uganda. He was brought up in London and, even before his brother's accident, he was fascinated with the science of language patterns. The great selling point is that this pre-empts text in any language because it recognises the patterns, he said.

C: this is not mentioned in the text

Patel is now in discussions with several large international companies interested in incorporating AdapTex into their next-generation computers. 'Some are more cautious than others, but we are on the verge of signing with one of the big PC makers, and hopefully this will mean that they all follow suit,' said Patel. He is delighted with the support he has been given in Scotland. ‘I came because people understood what I was talking about. The business network here, through Global Scot, has given me introductions to the highest levels in the USA. This has been imperative.' Patel's advisers include John Falconer, a former director of Xerox, who said: 'The market is worth millions and Sanjay could become a very rich man. It could become a significant success story for Scotland.' Questions 1-4 Choose the correct letter, A-D. 1. What is innovative about the predictive texting system that has been developed by Sanjay Patel? A. It can help his disabled brother. B. It uses guesswork. C. It processes language very fast. D. It works in a way that is unique to each writer. 2. What types of hardware and software could work differently in the future because of this invention? A. Mobile phones, PCs, e-mail, text messaging, word-processing B. AdapTex intelligence systems C. Mobile phones and computers D. Telecoms and finance 3. What characteristics of the new systems make them so fascinating for the general public? A. It completely changes the way people do things. B. It works with what people already do and makes it better. C. It can help disabled people. D. It reduces physical activity. 4. Sanjay moved to Scotland because A. he could not renew his contract with Nucleus Consulting. B. the government there promised him financial support. C. of its business network links with the USA. D. there were some prospects for his work in Scotland.

EXTRA PRACTICE 1 Read the text below and answer the questions that follow [Note: This is an extract from an Academic Reading passage on the subject of government subsidies to farmers. The text preceding this extract explained how subsidies can lead to activities which cause uneconomical and irreversible changes to the environment.] All these activities may have damaging environmental impacts. For example, land clearing for agriculture is the largest single cause of deforestation; chemical fertilisers and pesticides may contaminate water supplies; more intensive farming and the abandonment of fallow periods tend to exacerbate soil erosion; and the spread of monoculture and use of high-yielding varieties of crops have been accompanied by the disappearance of old varieties of food plants which might have provided some insurance against pests or diseases in future. Soil erosion threatens the productivity of land in both rich and poor countries. The United States, where the most careful measurements have been done, discovered in 1982 that about one-fifth of its farmland was losing topsoil at a rate likely to diminish the soil's productivity. The country subsequently embarked upon a program to convert 11 per cent of its cropped land to meadow or forest. Topsoil in India and China is vanishing much faster than in America. Government policies have frequently compounded the environmental damage that farming can cause. In the rich countries, subsidies for growing crops and price supports for farm output drive up the price of land. The annual value of these subsidies is immense: about $250 billion, or more than all World Bank lending in the 1980s. To increase the output of crops per acre, a farmer's easiest option is to use more of the most readily available inputs: fertilisers and pesticides. Fertiliser use doubled in Denmark in the period 1960-1985 and increased in The Netherlands by 150 per cent. The quantity of pesticides applied has risen too: by 69 per cent in 1975-1984 in Denmark, for example, with a rise of 115 per cent in the frequency of application in the three years from 1981. In the late 1980s and early 1990s some efforts were made to reduce farm subsidies. The most dramatic example was that of New Zealand, which scrapped most farm support in 1984. A study of the environmental effects, conducted in 1993, found that the end of fertiliser subsidies had been followed by a fall in fertiliser use (a fall compounded by the decline in world commodity prices, which cut farm incomes). The removal of subsidies also stopped land-clearing and over-stocking, which in the past had been the principal causes of erosion. Farms began to diversify. The one kind of subsidy whose removal appeared to have been bad for the environment was the subsidy to manage soil erosion. In less enlightened countries, and in the European Union, the trend has been to reduce rather than eliminate subsidies, and to introduce new payments to encourage farmers to treat their land in environmentally friendlier ways, or to leave it fallow. It may sound strange but such payments need to be

higher than the existing incentives for farmers to grow food crops. Farmers, however, dislike being paid to do nothing. In several countries they have become interested in the possibility of using fuel produced from crop residues either as a replacement for petrol (as ethanol) or as fuel for power stations (as biomass). Such fuels produce far less carbon dioxide than coal or oil, and absorb carbon dioxide as they grow. They are therefore less likely to contribute to the greenhouse effect. But they are rarely competitive with fossil fuels unless subsidised – and growing them does no less environmental harm than other crops.

Questions 1 – 3 Choose the appropriate letters A, B, C or D. 1. Research completed in 1982 found that in the United States soil erosion A. reduced the productivity of farmland by 20 per cent. B. was almost as severe as in India and China. C. was causing significant damage to 20 per cent of farmland. D. could be reduced by converting cultivated land to meadow or forest.

2. By the mid-1980s, farmers in Denmark A. used 50 per cent less fertiliser than Dutch farmers. B. used twice as much fertiliser as they had in 1960. C. applied fertiliser much more frequently than in 1960. D. more than doubled the amount of pesticide they used in just 3 years.

3. Which one of the following increased in New Zealand after 1984? A. farm incomes B. use of fertiliser C. over-stocking D. farm diversification

EXTRAPRACTICE2 Readthepassagebelowandanswerthequestionsthatfollow.

BuildingBRICsofgrowth Recordspendingoninfrastructurewillhelptosustainrapidgrowthinemergingeconomies A. The biggest investment boom in history is under way. Over half of the world's infrastructure investmentisnowtakingplaceinemergingeconomies,wheresalesofexcavatorshaverisenmorethan fivefoldsince2000.Intotal,emergingeconomiesarelikelytospendanestimated$1.2trilliononroads, railways, electricity, telecommunications and other projects this year, equivalent to 6% of their combinedGDPs–twicetheaverageinfrastructure‐investmentratioindevelopedeconomies.Largelyas aresult,totalfixedinvestmentinemergingeconomiescouldincreasebyastaggering16%inrealterms this year, according to HSBC, whereas in rich economies it is forecast to be flat. Such investment will helpsupporteconomicgrowththisyearasAmerica'seconomystalls–andformanyyearstocome. B. Compounding this year's figure, Morgan Stanley predicts that emerging economies will spend $22 trillion(intoday'sprices)oninfrastructureoverthenexttenyears,ofwhichChinawillaccountfor43% (seeleft‐handchart).Chinaisalreadyspendingaround12%ofitsGDPoninfrastructure.Indeed,China has spent more (in real terms) in the past five years than in the whole of the 20th century. Last year Brazillaunchedafour‐yearplantospend$300billiontomoderniseitsroadnetwork,powerplantsand ports.TheIndian government'slatestfive‐yearplanhasambitiouslypencilledinnearly $500billionin infrastructureprojects.Russia,theGulfstatesandotheroilexportersareallpouringpartoftheirhigher oilrevenuesintofixedinvestment. C.Goodinfrastructurehasalwaysplayedaleadingroleineconomicdevelopment,fromtheroadsand aqueducts of ancient Rome to Britain's railway boom in the mid‐19th century. But never before has infrastructurespendingbeensolargeasashareofworldGDP.Thisispartlybecausemorecountriesare nowindustrialisingthaneverbefore,butalsobecauseChinaandothersareinvestingatamuchbrisker pace than rich economies ever did. Even at the peak of Britain's railway mania in the 1840s, total infrastructureinvestmentwasonlyaround5%ofGDP. D.Infrastructureinvestmentcanyieldbigeconomicgains.Buildingroadsorrailwaysimmediatelyboosts output and jobs, but it also helps to spur future growth – provided the money is spent wisely. Better transporthelpsfarmerstogettheirproducetocities,andmanufacturerstoexporttheirgoodsoverseas. Countries with the lowest transport costs tend to be more open to foreign trade and so enjoy faster growth. Clean water and sanitation also raise the quality of human capital, thereby lifting labour productivity. The World Bank estimates that a 1% increase in a country's infrastructure stock is associatedwitha1%increaseinthelevelofGDP.OtherstudieshaveconcludedthatEastAsia'smuch higherinvestmentininfrastructureexplainsalargepartofitsfastergrowththanLatinAmerica. E.ArecentreportbyGoldmanSachsarguesthatinfrastructurespendingisnotjustacauseofeconomic growth,butaconsequenceofit.Aspeoplegetricherandmoreofthemliveintowns,thedemandfor electricity, transport, sanitation and housing increases. This mutually reinforcing relationship leads to

higherinvestmentandgrowth.Thebankhasdevelopedamodelthatusesexpectedgrowthinincome, urbanisationandpopulationtoforecastfutureinfrastructuredemands. F. Urbanisation has the biggest impact on electricity requirements. Goldman calculates that a 1% increase in the share of people living in cities leads to a 1.8% increase in demand for installed capacity. A 1% rise in income per head leads to a 0.5% increase in demand. Putting this together, electricitycapacitymayhavetosurgeby140%inChinaandby80%inIndiaoverthenextdecade.Air travel – and hence airports – will see the fastest growth in demand, becauseitisbyfarthemost sensitivetoincome:a1%increaseinincomeperpersonleadsto a 1.4% increase in the number of passengerstravellingbyair.Thenumberofairpassengerscouldjumpbymorethan350%inChinaand by200%inIndiaoverthenextdecade. G.China'sfastergrowthinincomeperheadanditsmorerapidpaceofurbanisationmeanthatitislikely topullevenfurtheraheadofIndiaonmostinfrastructuremeasures.Chinacouldadd13timesasmany fixed‐linephonesasIndiaoverthedecade,seventimesasmanyairpassengersandsixtimesasmuch electricity capacity. Brazil and Russia, which are already much more urbanised and relatively richer (implyingslowergrowthinincome),willalsoseemoremodestgrowthininfrastructure. H.Theinfrastructureboomhasglobalimplications.Increasedinvestmentmeansmoreimportsofcapital equipment, which will help to slim current‐account surpluses in China and elsewhere, and so reduce globalimbalances.Risingdemandforbuildingmaterialswillkeepcommoditypriceshigh. I. Last, but not least, will be the negative impact on the environment. An expected 75% increase in emerging economies' electricity demand over the next decade will worsen air pollution and global warming. Many fear that China's Three Gorges Dam, the world's largest hydroelectric project, could causemassiveenvironmentaldamage.China'snationalbird,thered‐crownedcrane,isanendangered species.Somepeoplemaywishthattheconstructioncranewasalsobreedinglessrapidly. Questions1‐5 Thereadingpassagehasnineparagraphs,A‐I. Whichparagraphcontainsthefollowinginformation? 1. thequantityofdiggingmachineryboughtincomparisontothepast

...........................

2. howspendingmoneyoninfrastructureliketransportsystemsleadstomorework........................... 3. areferencetotwopastexamplesofincreasesinconstruction

...........................

4. howpersonalwealthandincreasedtravelarerelated

...........................

5. whymoreinfrastructureisneededifpeoplemigratetourbanareas

...........................

Questions6‐9 Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeviewsofthewriterinthereadingpassage?Write: YES

ifthestatementagreeswiththeviewsofthewriter

ifthestatementcontradictstheviewsofthewriter

NOT GIVEN

ifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksofthis

6. Anunprecedentedgrowthinspendingistakingplaceinemergingeconomies.

...........................

7. Increasedspendingoninfrastructureisthebestwaytoimproveacountry'seconomy..................... 8. Themainreasonspendingishighisbecausesomanycountriesareindustrializing........................... 9. The impact of the constructionboom will only be on a local scale. Questions10‐13 Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,CorD. 10. This year,emergingeconomiesmayspend A. theirmoneyonimprovingcommunication. B. twiceasmuchasdevelopedcountriesdid. C. 16%morethandevelopedcountriesoninfrastructure. D. 6%moreonprojectscomparedtolastyear. 11. Financialgainscanbemadefrom A. investinginthefuture. B. beingopentotrade. C. helpingfarmersmovetocities. D. constructingtransportlinks. 12. TheeconomiesinEastAsiaaregrowingfasterthan A. inBritain. B. infrastructurestock. C. inLatinAmerica. D. expectedinthisdecade. 13. Theenvironmentalimpactoninfrastructuredevelopmentwill A. includeincreasedcontaminationoftheair. B. putpressureontheworld'sresources. C. causemorespeciestobeendangered. D. leadtoa75percentincreaseinpollution.

...........................

MATCHINGHEADINGS OBJECTIVES: Attheendofthislesson,youshouldbeabletohandletheIELTSReading–MatchingHeadings questiontype. STRATEGIES: DESCRIPTION  Targetedskills: o IdentifyingtheMAINIDEAoftheparagraph o   

DifferentiatingbetweentheMAINIDEAandSUPPORTINGDETAILS

Inthistypeofquestions,youwillbegivenalistofheadingswhichyouhavetomatchtothe paragraphsinthepassage. Thereareusuallymoreheadingsthanparagraphs,sosomeheadingsmaynotbeused. Themostsuitableheading foreachparagraphisusuallytheonethatsumsupthemainideainthat paragraph.

ACTIONPLAN 1.

Checktheinstructionandtheexampletoknowwhetheryou havetoreadthewholepassageorjustfocusonsomecertain parts.

2. Readtheheadinglistandunderlinethekeywordsineach headingtounderstandthemthoroughly. 3. ReadthefirstparagraphCAREFULLYandsummarizethemain ideainyourhead.Mainideasareusually:  expressedinthetopicsentences(1st,2ndandlast sentence).  repeatedalot.  supportedbythedetails.

Tips:  DothisquestiontypeFIRST  Beawareofsynonymsand paraphrases  Beawareofdistractors  Ifyoucannotdecidetheheading foraparagraph,moveontothenext oneandgetbacktoitafteryoufinish theotherparagraphs

4. Gobacktothelistofheadingandchoosetheonethatbestfitsyoursummary. 5. Don’tchooseheadingsthatcontainwordsfromtheparagraphsbutexpressideasthatarenot supportedbyorcontradictedbyotherideas.(Theseareusuallyjustdistractorsorsupporting detailsNOTthemainideas) 6. Repeatthestepsabovefortheotherparagraphs. 7. Timecontrol: 

Suggestedtimeforeachparagraph:1.5minutes



TheentireMatchingHeadingquestionblock:Max8‐10min.

MODELPRACTICE Readthepassagebelowandcompletetheexercisesthatfollow

Eco‐tourismandthetropics 1. v Fromthekeywords,weknowthat Paragraph A gives us some background information about ecotourism. In this case, the main idea is supportedbythedetails. Distractor: the part ‘With a total global coastline of 60,000 km, tropicalareasareattractingtourists in increasing numbers.‘ is only a minor detail, not the main idea of thisparagraph.  Option vi. Utilizing an environmental advantage is not correct.

ATheworld'stropicalzoneextendsoveraverylargedistance–4000 kmnorthoftheEquatorand3500south–andinfactcoversone‐third of the world's surface, 50 million square kilometres in total. With a total global coastline of 60,000 km, tropical areas are attracting tourists in increasing numbers. This large increase in tourism means that there is a need for quality tourist resorts in previously undevelopedareas. BUpuntilthe1980s,thedrawcardfortouristswasbeachandsea– simpleattractionsthatdidnotnecessitatequalityaccommodation.In fact, this aspect of the tropical holiday experience was sadly neglected and resorts were often very basic in their facilities. However, in recent years with the arrival of more affluent and discriminating tourists from developed countries, quality accommodation facilities that cope with the climatic stress of the

tropicshavebecomeapriority. CThissituation,wheretouristsfromdevelopedcountriesvacationindevelopingtropicalcountrieswith expectations of quality at a low price, has resulted in some undesirable effects. At the same time, however,anewtypeoftouristhasemerged–thosewhowishtogetclosertothenatureandcultureof theregiontheyarevisitingwhileatthesametimewantingtopreservewhatisleftofit.Thistrendledto thedevelopmentoftheeco‐tourismmovementthirtyyearsago;todayitisthefastest‐growingsegment ofthetouristindustry,andthistrendisareflectionofmanytourists'environmentalconcerns. DThroughouttropicalregions,effortstodeveloptouristresortsinenvironmentallysensitiveareashave resultedinheightenedawarenessofpotentialdamage,andwithitprotestsfromthegeneralpublic.This occurred in the Australian state of Queensland when islands in the Whitsunday Passage were to be developedtothepossibledetrimentoftheGreatBarrierReef.Protestshavealsooccurredinmanyother tropicalareas,forexample,Borneo,theBahamasandtheAmazonBasin.

E One way in which tourist resorts can be made environmentallyfriendlyistomakeuseofpassive climate control. This involves providing indoor environmental comfort at a resort without the needforpoweredmeanssuchasair‐conditioning or even electric fans. Most eco‐tourists would be happy to adjust to the climate of their tropical resortiftheextremesofheatandhumiditywere reduced.Itcanalsobearguedthatadaptationto thelocalclimateishealthierthantheconstantlow temperaturesprovidedbyair‐conditioning. FAswellasbeingenvironmentallyfriendly,newtouristdevelopmentsneedtotakeanenvironmentally conscious stance with local communities if they do not want to undermine the base on which they operate.Thus,theyneedtobeintegratedmorewiththeheritageofthelocalcommunity,itscustomsand socialfabric;thiswillassistinmaintainingtheintegrityofthelocalcommunity.Anotherfactortoconsider isthefactthattouristsonholidaywanttorelaxandexperiencesomethingdifferent.Experiencingthe tropics for what they are – humid and sometimes rainy – is important for them. Even so, it must be acknowledgedthattouristsaredifferentintheirneedsandexpectationsfromthelocalpeopleandresort plannersneedstotakethisintoaccount. Questions1‐6 ChoosethecorrectheadingforparagraphsA–Ffromthelistofheadingsbelow. Writethecorrectnumberi–ix

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Healthconcerns

ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix

Fittinginwithnon‐tourists Balancingtheeffectsoftourism Adjustmentneedsofstaff Backgroundinformation Utilizinganenvironmentaladvantage Governmentinitiatives Concernsleadtoaction Changesinaccommodationneeds

ParagraphA ParagraphB ParagraphC ParagraphD ParagraphE ParagraphF

……v…………… …………………… …………………… …………………… …………………… ……………………

EXTRAPRACTICE1 Readthepassagebelowandcompletetheexercisesthatfollow

FRAGILEXSYNDROME A.Aconditionthatcauseschildrentodislikebeinghuggedandsometimesrejectallphysicalaffectionis closer to being understood following research into the part of the brain responsible for our senses. Scientists at Northwestern University, Illinois, and the University of Edinburgh explored fragile X syndrome,aconditionassociatedwithhypersensitivitytosounds,touch,smellsandvisualstimulithatcan resultinsocialwithdrawaloranxiety.Hypersensitivityisaconditioninwhichthepersonaffectedresponds inanexcessivewaytocontactwiththeworldaroundthem.Somesufferersareevenhypersensitiveto materialontheirskin. B.Thescientistsfoundthatcriticalphasesinthebrain'sdevelopmentmaybewronglytimedinpeoplewith the condition. This may result in delayed communication between certain neurons in the brain. By recordingelectricalsignalsinthebrainsofmice,bredtoexactlycopytheeffectsofthecondition,the researchersfoundthatconnectionsinthebrain'ssensorycortexwerelatetodevelopfully.Thestudy, publishedinthejournalNeuron,foundthatnormalneuralconnectionsinthesensorycortexoccurmuch earlierthanpreviouslythought:inthefirstweekofpregnancyinmice,whichisequivalenttothemiddle ofthesecondtrimester(orfifthmonth)ofpregnancyinhumans.InfragileXsyndrome,themistimingalso hasadominoeffect,causingfurtherproblemswiththecorrectwiringofthebrain.Thehopeisthatby understandinghowandwhenthefunctionsofthebrainareaffectedinfragileXsyndrome,atherapymay becomepossible. C.'Thereisa"criticalperiod"duringdevelopment,whenthebrainisveryplasticandischangingrapidly,' saidAnisContractor,fromtheFeinbergSchoolofMedicineatNorthwesternUniversity.'Alltheelements ofthisrapiddevelopmenthavetobecoordinatedsothatthebrainbecomeswiredcorrectlyandtherefore functionsproperly.'Peoplewiththesyndromehavecognitiveproblemsaswellassensoryproblemsthat makethemphysicallyweaker.'Theyhavetactiledefensiveness,'Dr.Contractorsaid.'Theydon'tlookin people'seyes,theywon'thugtheirparents,andtheyarehypersensitivetotouchandsound.Allofthis causesanxietyforfamilyandfriendsaswellasforthefragileXpatientsthemselves.'PeterKind,wholed thestudyattheUniversityofEdinburgh,said:'Weknowtherearekeywindowsduringwhichthebrain develops, both in the womb and afterwards. The general principle is that if these time windows have shifted,thenthatcouldexplainthecognitiveproblems.’ D.ProfessorKindsaidthatthiscouldbedemonstratedbythefactthatachildwithacataract(amedical conditioninwhichthelensoftheeyebecomeslessandlesstransparent)thatwasnotcorrectedwould becomepermanentlyblindintheaffectedeye,whereasanadultwouldbeabletoregaintheirsightafter anoperation.'We'velearntthatthesechangeshappenmuchearlierthanpreviouslythought,whichgives valuableinsightintowhenweshouldbegintherapeuticinterventionforpeoplewiththeseconditions,'he said.'Italsohasimplicationsforthetreatmentofautismsincethechangesinthebrainsofpeoplewith fragileXsyndromeandautisticpeoplearethoughttosignificantlyoverlap.'Autism,asmanypeopleknow, isadisabilitythataffectshowapersoncommunicateswithandrelatestootherpeople,andhowthey makesenseoftheworld. E.FragileXsyndromeisascommonascysticfibrosis,ageneticdisorderthatcommonlyaffectsthelungs and causes breathing difficulties, and that affects about 1 in 4,000 males and 1 in 8,000 females worldwide.TheFragileXSocietybelievesthattherearemanypeoplewhohavethefragileXsyndrome

but have never been diagnosed. It shows up in early infancy and progressively worsens throughout childhood,causingintellectualdisabilityaswellassocial,languageandbehavioralproblems. F.FragileXsyndromeiscausedbyagenemutationontheXchromosome–oneofthetwochromosomes thatdeterminethegenderorsexofaperson.Themutationinterferesintheproductionofaproteincalled fragileXmentalretardationprotein.FragileXisso‐namedbecausetheXchromosomeappearsbrokenor kinked.TimPotter,oftheFragileXSociety,said:'Wewelcomeanyresearchthathelpsusunderstand fragileXandwhichmayopenthewaytoreversingtheeffectsorpreventingthemeverhappening.' Questions1‐5 TheReadingPassagehassixparagraphs,A–F ChoosethecorrectheadingforparagraphsA,B,C,DandFfromthelistofheadingsbelow. Writethecorrectnumber,i–ix,nexttoQuestions1–5 ListofHeadings i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix 1. 2. 3. 4.

HowfragileXsyndromewasdiscovered ThegeneticbasisoffragileXsyndrome FragileXsyndromeanddevelopmentaldelaysinthebrain NewtreatmentsforfragileXsyndrome ThecomparativefrequencyoffragileXsyndrome ResearchintounderstandingfragileXsyndrome ReasonsfortheincreaseoffragileXsyndrome Otherconditionsrelatedtocognitivedevelopment ExamplesofthesymptomsoffragileXsyndrome

ParagraphA ParagraphB ParagraphC ParagraphD ParagraphE

Example:v

5. ParagraphF

EXTRAPRACTICE2 Readthepassagebelowandcompletetheexercisesthatfollow

LakeVostok A.BeneaththewhiteblanketofAntarcticalieshalfacontinentofvirtuallyunchartedterritory–anarea socompletelyhiddenthatscientistshavelittlecluewhatrichesawaitdiscovery.Recently,Russianand British glaciologists identified an immense lake – one of Earth’s largest and deepest – buried beneath 4,000meteroficeimmediatelybelowRussia’sVostokStation. B.Asdetailshaveemerged,agrowingnumberofscientistsareshowing interest, with dozens of investigatorskeentoexplorethefeature,knownasLakeVostok.Athicklayerofsedimentatthebottomof thelakecouldholdnovelcluestotheplanet’sclimategoingbacktensofmillionsofyears.Bylookingat the ratio of different oxygen isotopes, scientists should beabletotracehowEarth’stemperature changed over the millennia. NASA has expressed interest in Lake Vostok because of its similarity to Europa1. Thismoon of Jupiter appears to have a water ocean covered by a thick ice sheet, measuring perhaps tens of kilometers in depth. If hydrothermal vents exist beneaththeice,chemicalreactionsonEuropacould havecreatedthemolecularbuildingblocksforlife,ifnotlifeitself.Vostokwouldbeanidealtestingground fortechnologythatwouldeventuallyflytoEuropaorplacesevenmoredistant,saymanyscientists.Though cheapcomparedwithaEuropanmission,anyexpeditiontoVostokwouldrepresentasignificantinvestment. C.Vostok Station holds theuncomfortable distinctionofhavingrecordedthe coldesttemperatureon Earth. Thermometer there measured –89.6°C in July 1983, and the average temperature hovers around ‐55° C.It’sthethickice,strangely,thatenablesalaketosurvive in such a frozen environment. The 4 kilometersof ice acts effectively as an insulating blanket protecting the bedrock underneath the ice from the cold temperatures above. Geothermal heat coming from the planet’s interior keeps the lake from freezing and warms the lowest layers of ice. The tremendous weight of the ice sheet alsoplaysaroleinmaintainingthelake. Beneath4kmofglacier,thepressureisintenseenoughtomelticeatatemperatureat‐4oC.Thesefactorshave helpedlakesdevelopacrossmuchofthethicklyblanketedEastAntarctica.Todatemorethan70hiddenlakes havebeendetectedinthesmallportionofthecontinent.LakeVostokisthelargestofthese,stretching280km fromsouthtonorthandsome60kmfromeasttowest.AtVostokstation,whichsitsatthesouthernendofthe lake,thewaterdepthappearstobe500maccordingtoseismicexperimentscarriedoutbyRussianresearchers. D.ThefirstcluestoLakeVostok’sexistencecameinthe1970s,whenBritish,U.S.,andDanishresearchers collectedradarobservationsbyflying overthisregion.Theradar penetrated the ice and bounced off whateversatbelow.Whenresearchersfoundasurfaceasflatasmirror,theysurmisedthatalakemust existunderneaththeice.Anairbornesurveyofthelakeis being undertaken, the first step toward eventually drilling into the water. Along with the potential rewards come a host of challenges. Researchers must find a way to penetrate the icy covering without introducing any microorganisms or pollutantsintothesealed‐offwater.

Europa:thesmallestofthefourGalileanmoonsorbitingJupiter

E.Whataboutlifeinthedepths?Iftinymicrobesdopopulatethelake,theymaybesomeofthehungriest organismseverdiscovered.LakeVostokhasthepotential tobe one of the most energy‐limited, or oligotropic, environments on the planet. For the lake’s residents, the only nutrients would come from below. Russian investigators have speculated that the lake floor may have hot springs spewing out hydrothermalfluidsstockedwithreducedmetalsandothersortsofchemicalnutrients.Scantgeological evidenceavailableforthisregion,however,indicatesthatthecrustisoldanddead.Withoutastreamof nutrientsseepingupfromthedeepEarth,theonlypotentialsourceofenergyliesabovethelake.Theice sheetabove thewateris creepingfromwesttoeastatarateof roughly four meters per year. The lowermostlayersoficemeltwhentheycomeincontactwiththelake,liberatingtrappedgasesandbitsof crushed‐uprock.Iftheglacierrecentlypassedoverrockbeforereachingthelake,itcouldbesupplying organiccompoundsusefultomicroorganisms.Italsocouldbeseedingthelakewithacontinuoussource ofnewresidents.Bacteria,yeasts,fungi,algae,andevenpollengrainshavebeenfoundintheVostokice coresamplestakendowntodepthsof2,750m–threequartersofthewaytothebottom.Atleastsome oftheseorganismsarealiveand capableofgrowing,according torecentreports.Theresultsof this analysismayindirectlyindicatewhetheranythingsurvivesinthelightlessbodyofwater. Questions1‐4 Thepassagehas5sectionsA‐E.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingforsectionsB‐Efromthelistofheadings below. Writetheappropriatenumbers(i‐viii).Therearemoreheadingsthansectionssoyouwillnotuseallof them. Example:

SectionA

…v…

1. SectionB

.................................

2. SectionC

.................................

3. SectionD

.................................

4. SectionE

.................................

ListofHeadings (i)Costofexploration (ii)Locationanddescriptionofthelake (iii)Potentialforlivingorganismsinthelake (iv)Explorationof the lake and its challenges (v)Hidden lake in Antartica (vi)Possiblesourcesofnutrientstosupportlife (vii)Typesoforganismsinthelake (viii)ScientificinterestinLakeVostok

Question5and6 Choosethecorrectletter,A‐D. 5. WhichisNOTgivenasareasonforinterestinexploringLakeVostok? A. B. C. D.

totesttechnologyforspaceexploration todevelopanti‐pollutiondevices toinvestigatethehistoryofEarth’sclimate tolookforlivingorganism

6. LakeVostokdoesnotfreezebecause… A. B. C. D.

athickicecoverprovidesinsulation. itiswarmedbyheatfromtheearth’ssurface. lowpressurepreventsfreezing. anunderwatervolcanoeruptedrecently.

Questions7‐13 Dothefollowingstatementsreflecttheclaimsoftheauthor? Write: YESifthestatementreflectstheauthor'sclaims. NOifthestatementcontradictstheauthor'sclaims. NOTGIVENiftheinformationisnotclearlygiveninthepassage.

7. OnlyonelakehasbeenfoundbeneathAntarctica.

...........................

8. ExplorationofLakeVostokiscoordinatedbyRussia.

...........................

9. Thewaterinthelakeisapproximately500mdeepatthesouthernend.

...........................

10. LakeVostokwasdetectedbyradar.

...........................

11. ScientistshavedrilledthroughtheiceintothewaterofLakeVostok.

...........................

12. NutrientstosupportlifehavebeenfoundintheAntarcticice.

...........................

13. Theiceabovethelakeismovingtotheeast.

...........................

MULTIPLE CHOICE type 2 (MULTIPLE ANSWERS) OBJECTIVES:



Afterthislesson,youshouldabletohandletheIELTSreadingmultiplechoice question type.

STRATEGIES: DESCRIPTION  Targetedskill:skimmingandscanning 

Therearetwotypesofmultiplechoicequestions: o

Intype1,thereisonlyonecorrectoption

Intype2,therearetwoormorecorrectoptions(thislessonisaboutthistype)



Theanswersfollowthepassageorder.



Youonlyneedtowritethecorrectlettersintheanswersheet(writeONEcorrectletter ineachbox).

ACTIONPLAN 1. Read the instruction carefully to see HOW MANY options you havetochoose. 2. Underline/highlight/circle the keywords in the question or unfinishedstatement. 3. Lookforandmatchthesekeywords(ortheirparaphrase)inthe passage–makesureyouarelookingattherightplaceforthe answer. 4. Readaroundthesectionoftextyouhavefoundandseeifyou canfindwordsorexpressionsthatmatchtheoptions. 5. Onceyouhavegraspedthemeaningofthepartinthepassage, comparethattothemeaningofeachof theoptions.

Tips: ‐Inthistypeoftask,therearethreemain possibilitiesforeachidea: 1. expressedindifferentwordsinthetext (paraphrased) 2. incorrect,accordingtothetext 3. notmentionedinthetext ‐Foreachideainthelist,scanthetexttofind if/whereitismentioned ‐Payextraattentiontowordsinthelistlike MORE,ALLandTOTALLY,whichcanaffect whetheranideaiscorrectorincorrect.

6. Eliminateanyoptionsthataredefinitelywrong.Incorrectoptions maybe:  Anoptionwhichcontainsinformationthatisnotmentionedinthetext  Anoptionthatisnotrelatedtothegivenhalfofthestatementthoughitmayinclude somekeywords  Avagueoptionthatseemstrue,yetwithlittleevidencetosupportit 7. Decide which options are correct. They are the true paraphrases of the ideas in the passage. *UnlesstheinstructionasksyoutochoosetheoptionsthatareNOTMENTIONED,orFALSE 8. Timemanagement:about1minuteperquestion

MODELPRACTICE Readthepassagebelowandcompletetheexercisesthatfollow

Overwork:HigherProductionbutatWhatCost? A. When did you last return from a holiday and not have to work extra hours dealing with a vast backlog of e‐mails? If you have a job that means being on call, when did you last turn off that excruciatinghand‐heldbeeper? B.Theaveragedual‐earnercoupleworksacombined82hoursperweektoday,comparedto70hours 25yearsago.Technologyaddstotheblurringofanydivisionbetweenworkandnon‐worktime,and employeescomplainofinterruptionsthatpreventthemfromfocusingproperlyontheirwork.People aremiredinacultureofinstantresponses,wherecontactsexpectanimmediatereplytoane‐mail,a textmessageoravoicemail. C.ResearchconductedbytheEconomicPolicyInstituteintheUnitedStatesillustratesthatdespite workers'increasedefforts,salariesaredeclining.Productivityhasincreasedby16.6%overthelast fiveyears, but income has fallen by 2.7%. To put it simply, we areproducingmorebutearning less. One in three employees is chronically overworked, according to a study conducted by the FamiliesandWorkInstituteinNewYork. D.Ithasbecomeatrend,inpart,asaconsequenceofcutbacksandlay‐offsandithasahugeimpact on the well‐being of employees' and their families. Not surprisingly, heavy workloads and long working hours increase employee’s stress levels, burnout and health care costs.(A, C) This in turn resultsinloweremployeeproductivity,reducesaspirationsandleaveslesstimetospendwithfamily and friends and to engage in leisure pursuits and exercise.(B) Ironically, what is lost is exactly whatreplenishesenergyandreducessymptomsassociatedwithstress.

E.Thisbegsthequestion,whatimpactdothesetrendshaveonemployers?TheAmericanInstituteof StressestimatesthatU.S.companiesloseanestimated$300billionannuallyfromcostsassociated with absenteeism, high staff turnover, poor morale and insurance fees related to stress. When employeesareexhausted,thereisalsoagreaterlikelihoodofmistakesandgenerallypoorwork. F.Thecausesofchronicoverworkarecomplexandvaryacrossorganisations.Thereisnoonesolution thatwillreduceoverworkanditsilleffects.Nonetheless,thefirststeptoreducingworkloadsisto understand what factors are causing employees to overwork. Once causes are identified, organisationscandevelopsolutionsthatbenefiteveryone.Themostfrequentlystatedpracticesthat create overwork include: conflicting demands from different managers, a lack of guidance and support,unnecessaryadditionalresponsibilities,staffcutbacksandinsufficientsicknessandholiday cover. G.Asashort‐termsolution,stressmanagementtechniquesarecritical.Rest,exerciseandmeditation areprovenwaysofreducingstressandworkersmustfindtimetotakeaproperlunchbreakaway fromtheirdesk.Peopleshouldassesstheirsituationandaskthemselvesiftheirjobreallyrequires themtoworksuchlonghoursorifitispartlytheirchoice.Ifindeedoverworkisaconditionofthejob, employeesmustdemandthattheiremployerengagesindiscussionandlooksforasolution.Tosome degree,itistheemployee'sresponsibilitytopersuadetheemployerthatoverworkbenefitsnobody.

Questions1‐4 ChooseFOURletters,A‐H.Whichofthefollowingarementionedaseffectsofoverwork? A.peoplebecomingunwell B.thebreak‐upoffamilies C.increasedhealthcarecostsinacountry D.higherenergylevels E.employeestakingtimeoffwork F.peoplefrequentlychangingjobs G.organisationsnothavingenoughstaffnumbers H.employeesfeelinglesspositiveaboutthefuture

A. should be chosen because it reflects the information in the passage (see the underlined parts) B. should be eliminated because there’s no mentioning of families breaking up. The passage onlystatesthatoverworkcauses“ahugeimpacton thewell‐beingofemployees'andtheirfamilies” C. should also be eliminated, because the passage onlymentions‘healthcarecosts’oftheemployees whooverwork,notthatoftheentirecountry.

EXTRAPRACTICE1 Readthepassagebelowandcompletetheexercisesthatfollow

AntarcticPenguins ThoughpenguinsareassumedtobenativetotheSouthPole,onlyfouroftheseventeenspecieshave evolvedthesurvivaladaptationsnecessarytoliveandbreedintheAntarcticyearround.Thephysical features of the Adelie, Chinstrap, Gentoo, and Emperor penguins equip them to withstand the harshest living conditions in the world. Besides these four species, there are a number of others, including the yellow feathered Macaroni penguin and the King penguin that visit the Antarctic regularlybutmigratetowarmerwaterstobreed. PenguinsthatliveinAntarcticayearroundhaveathermoregulationsystemandasurvivalsensethat allowsthemtolivecomfortablybothontheiceandinthewater.Inthedarkdaysofwinter,whenthe Antarcticseesvirtuallynosunlight,thepenguinsthatremainontheicesheetsleepmostoftheday. Toretainheat,penguinshuddleincommunitiesofupto6,000oftheirownspecies.Whenit'stimeto createanest,mostpenguinsbuildupapileofrocksontopoftheicetoplacetheireggs.TheEmperor penguin,however,doesn'tbotherwithanestatall.ThefemaleEmperorlaysjustoneeggandgives ittothemaletoprotectwhileshegoesoffforweekstofeed.Themalebalancestheeggontopofhis feet,coveringitwithasmallfoldofskincalledabroodpatch.Inthehuddle,themalepenguinsrotate regularlysothatnoneofthepenguinshavetostayontheoutsideofthecircleexposedtothewind andcoldforlongperiodsoftime.Whenit'stimetotakeaturnontheouteredgeofthepack,the penguinstucktheir feathers in andshiver.Themovementprovidesenoughwarmthuntiltheycan headbackintotheinnercoreandrestinthewarmth. In order to reduce the cold of the ice, penguins often put their weight on their heels and tails. Antarctic penguins also have complex nasal passages that prevent 80 percent of their heat from leaving the body. When the sun is out, the black dorsal plumage attracts its rays and penguins can staywarmenoughtowaddleorslideaboutalone.Antarcticpenguinsspendabout75percentoftheir livesinthewater.Anumberofsurvivaladaptationsallowthemtoswimthroughwater ascold as‐ 2degrees Celsius. In order to stay warm in these temperatures, penguins have to keep moving. Thoughpenguinsdon'tflyintheair,theyareoftensaidtoflythroughwater.Insteadofstoppingeach timetheycomeupforair,theyuseatechniquecalled"porpoising"inwhichtheyleapupforaquick breath while swiftly moving forward. Unlike most birds that have hollow bones for flight, penguins haveevolvedhardsolidbonesthatkeepthemlowinthewater.Antarcticpenguinsalsohaveunique feathersthatworksimilarlytoawaterproofdiving suit.Tuftsofdowntrap a layer of air within the feathers, preventingthewaterfrompenetratingtothepenguin'sskin.Thepressureofadeepdive releases this air, and a penguin has to rearrange the feathers through a process called "preening." Penguinsalsohaveanamazingcirculatorysystem,whichinextremelycoldwatersdivertsbloodfrom theflippersandlegstotheheart.

While the harsh climate of the Antarctic doesn't threaten the survival of Antarctic penguins, overheatingcanbeaconcern,andtherefore,globalwarmingisathreattothem.Temperatespecies havecertainphysicalfeaturessuchasfewerfeathersandlessblubbertokeepthemcoolonahotday. Africanpenguinshavebaldpatchesontheirlegsandfacewhereexcessheatcanbereleased.The bloodvesselsinthepenguin'sskindilatewhenthebodybeginstooverheat,andtheheatrisestothe surface of the body. Penguins who are built for cold winters of the Antarctic have other survival

techniquesforawarmday,suchasmovingtoshadedareas,orholdingtheirflippersoutawayfrom theirbodies. Questions1‐4 Thearticlementionsmanyfactsaboutpenguins. WhichFOURofthefollowingfeaturesarethingsthatenablethemtosurviveinverycoldwater? A.Theymovethroughthewaterveryquickly. B.Theyholdtheirflippersawayfromtheirbodies. C.Theychooseshadyareas. D.Whennecessary,theirbloodmovesawayfromtheflippersandtowardtheheart. E.Theybreathewhilestillmoving. F.Thebloodvesselsintheirskindilate. G.Theywaddleandslide. H.Theirfeathersholdinalayerofairneartheskin.

EXTRAPRACTICE2 Readthepassagebelowandcompletetheexercisesthatfollow

ReadingWars A.Inmanydevelopedcountries,literacyskillsareundersiege.Thisistrueeveninsocietieswhere accesstoprimaryeducationisuniversalandgovernmentsinvestheavilyineducation.NewZealand, forexample,wasleadingtheworldinliteracyratesin1970,buttumbledtothirteenthplacein2001 andthenagaintotwenty‐fourthjustafewyearslater.TestscoresintheUSAalsoslumpedtenper centduringthe1990sdespitethecountryridinganeconomicboomformuchofthedecade.Insome cases,thesestatisticsreversetrendsthatwereinmotionforoveracenturyandahalf.Thesteady, gradualexpansionofliteracyacrosssocialgroupsandclasseswasoneofthegreatestsuccessesofthe periodofindustrialisationthatbeganinthemid‐1850s. B.Thisreversaloffortuneshasledtowidespreadcontentionoverthepedagogyofteachingliteracy. Whatwasonceadryandtechnicalaffair‐theesotericbusinessoflinguistsandpolicyanalysts‐rapidly escalatedintoaseriesofskirmishesthatwereplayedoutinhigh‐visibilityforums:Newspapersran specialfeatures,columns,andletterstotheeditorontheliteracycrisis;politicianssuccessfullyran theirnationalcampaignsonimprovingreadingtestscores;andparentshadtheirsaybyjoiningParent‐ TeacherAssociations(PTAs)andlobbygroups. C.Theargumentsaroundreadingpooledintotwodifferentclassroommethodologies:constructivism and behaviourism. The constructivist methodology grew from a holistic conception of knowledge creationthatunderstoodreadingandwritingtobeinnate,humanistic,andinterpretativepractices thatsufferedwhentheyweresplicedandformalisedwithinrigiddoctrines,strictrules,anduniversal skill‐sets.Constructivistsassociatewordswithmeanings;eachwordmightbethoughtofasaChinese ideogram.Studentsareencouragedtolearnindividualwordsandskipoverandguesswordstheydo notunderstand,orlearntointerpretthosewordsbysituatingthemwithinthelexicalinfrastructure of the sentence and the story's wider narrative. These practices materialise as learning processes centredonguidedgroupreadingandindependentreadingofhigh‐quality,culturallydiverseliterature or textual composition that emphasises pupils conveying their own thoughts and feelings for real purposessuchasletterstopenpalsorjournalentries. D.Behaviourismseesthepedagogicalprocessinalessdialecticalfashion‐wordsareinitiallytaught notlexically,asvehiclestoconveymeaning,butrathersub‐lexically,asacombinationoffeaturesthat canbeseparatedandlearnt inaschematicprocess.Thebehaviourist approachdoesnot focuson wordsatallintheearlystagesoflearning.Rather,itiscentredonauniversallyapplicablemethodof teachingstudentstoisolategraphemesandphonemeswiththeintentionthatstudentswilleventually learn to synthesise these individual parts and make sense of spoken words textually. In this way, individualcomponentsarenotequatedwiththestrokesofabrushonaChineseideogram,butrather asthefocalpiecesofinterpretation‐asin,forexample,learningtoreadmusicalnotationsorMorse Code.Becauseofitsemphasisonuniversalrules,behaviourismismuchmoreconducivetoformal examination and the consolidation of results across regions and countries. The ability to master languageisconsideredtorestintheacquisitionofasetofskillsthatexistindependentlyofindividuals. Classroomlearningis,therefore,baseduponthetransmissionofknowledgefromtutortostudent, ratherthanseenasaninternalisedprocessthateruptswithinthestudentsthemselves.

E.So,whocomesoutontop?Itisnoteasytosay.Championsofbehaviourismhaveclaimedvictory becauseconstructivistlearningtookoverinthelate1980s,justbeforetestscoresonliteracybegan sinking across the West. Constructivists, however, can make the valid claim that the behaviourist approachhasaheavymethodologicalbiastowardstestingandexamination,andthattestresultsdo not represent the ability of individuals to use and interpret language freely and creatively. Furthermore,differentsocio‐economicgroupsrespondindifferentwaystoeachmethod.Thosefrom wealthierfamiliestendtodowellregardlessofthemethod,butthriveontheconstructivistapproach implemented in the 1990s. Children from poorer families, however, are better served by behaviourism. These outcomes have ramped up levels of socio‐economic based educational disparitiesineducationalsystemsthathavepushedtheconstructivistmethod.

F.Itisunlikelythateitherconstructivismorbehaviourismwillbepermanentlysidelinedfromcurricula in the near future. Most teachers find it easier to incorporate aspects of each approach. Constructivism may ultimatelyholdthe trump cardbecauseof its proven successwithpupilswho comefromfamilieswheretheyareintroducedtoreadingandwritinginvariousformsfromayoung age‐thisprocessof'livingandlearning'andimmersingoneselfinlanguageisasoundprinciple.Ina world rife with social inequities, households with illiterate parents and a scarcity of funding for education, however, the behaviourist approach may have the upper hand in teaching children to accessthebasicskillsofliteracyquicklyandefficiently,evenifsomelinguisticcreativityiscrushedin theprocess. Questions1‐7 ReadingPassage3hassixparagraphs,A‐F.Whichparagraphcontainsthefollowinginformation? NBYoumayuseanylettermorethanonce. 1. Areasonwhyconstructivismmightincreaseinequalitiesinsociety 2. Waysinwhichpeopledebatedthemeritsofdifferentwaysofteachingreading 3. Acomparisonbetweenformsofcommunicationthatbuildmeaningfromisolatedparts 4. Reasonswhyamethodthatistheoreticallysuperiormightnotalwaysworkeffectivelyinpractice 5. Anexplanationofwhymeasuringthesuccessofdifferentreadingmethodsisdifficult 6. Anexampleofanactivitythatteachersmightusetodevelopwritingskills 7. Evidenceofanationaldeclineinreadingstandards

Questions34‐36 ChooseTHREEletters,A‐G.WhichTHREEofthefollowingarefeaturesofconstructivism? A.Studentslearnbestbyworkingontheirown. B.Peoplearenaturallyinclinedtodeveloplanguageabilities. C.Itisvitalthatadisciplinedandregulatedapproachisused. D.Itisimportantthatstudentsunderstandeverywordtheyencounter.

E.Languageisbestlearntasasingle,organicprocess. F.Everyonelearnstoreadandwriteinasimilarmanner. G.Contextcanprovidehelpfulcuestounderstandingwords. Questions37‐39 ChooseTHREEletters,A‐G. WhichTHREEofthefollowingarefeaturesofbehaviourism? A.Thewholeofawordislessimportantthanitsparts. B.Thereisnotacommonsetofconventions. C.Studentslearnbestbyworkingontheirown. D.Meaningiscreatedbyconnectingwordfragments. E.Linguisticcapacitiesarebuiltintopeople. F.Studentslearnbyreceivinginformationfromteachers. G.Itisdifficulttojudgehowwellstudentsaredoingcollectively. Question14 Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,C,orD.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestsummarisesthewriter's generalconclusion? A.Constructivismisbetter,whilebehaviourismleadstonegativesocialeffects. B.Eachmethodcomplementstheother,andtheirapplicationshouldbeintegrated. C.Ideally,constructivismwouldbeused,butbehaviourismismorepragmatic. D.Neitherisparticularlyuseful,andthereneedstobeanewalternative.

MATCHING INFORMATION OBJECTIVES: Afterthislesson,youshouldbeabletohandletheIELTSReading–MatchingInformationquestiontype. STRATEGIES: DESCRIPTION 

Targetedskill:IdentifyingandscanningforSPECIFICINFORMATION.



Youhavetodecidewhichparagraphscontainwhichpiecesofinformation.



Thesepiecesofinformationcanbespecificdetails,anexample,areason,adescription,a comparison,asummary,oranexplanation.



Someparagraphsmaynotcontaintheinformationyouareaskedtoidentify.



Inagivenparagraph,theremaybemorethanonepieceofinformationthatyouneedtolocate.In thiscase,theinstructionwillsaythatyoumayuseanylettermorethanonce.

ACTIONPLAN 1. Readtheinstructioncarefullytoseeifanoptioncanbeused morethanonce. 2. Readthelistofquestionscarefullyandunderlinethekeywords 3. Readthefirstparagraphandgobacktothelisttoseeifthekey wordsofanyquestionarementionedorparaphrasedinit.Ifyou cannotfindanymatch,moveontothenextparagraph. 4. Ifyoufindthekeywordsofaquestioninparagraph1,read aroundthesekeywordstofullyunderstandthemeaningbefore youdecideifthatparagraphactuallycontainsthatspecific information. 5. Repeatstep2,3,and4forthenextparagraphs.Aftercarrying thesestepsfortwo‐threetimes,youshouldbeabletounderstand thepassageconcretelyandtoretainnecessaryinformationto answertheotherquestionsfaster. 6. Youmaywritetheletternexttotheinformation,butdon’tforget towriteintheanswersheetlater.Yourscoresdependonthe answersyougridintheanswersheet. 7. Timemanagement:1minuteforeachquestion

Tips  Answerswillnotcomeinthe paragraphorder.  Itismorelikelythatyouwillbe lookingforsynonymsandparaphrases ratherthantheexactwordsfromthe questions.  Insomestatements,thefirstfew wordsinthestatementsareusually generic(comparison,list,reference etc.)sotheywon’tbehelpfulfor scanning.Scanthelaterkeywords thatcarrySPECIFICmeanings.  Youshouldtrytokeepallthe questionsinmindasyoumayfindthe answertoonewhenlookingfor another.

MODELPRACTICE Readthepassagebelowandanswerquestions1‐6 MOTORCAR A.Therearenowover700millionmotorvehiclesintheworld–andthe numberisrisingbymorethan40millioneachyear.Theaveragedistance drivenbycarusersisgrowingtoo–from8kmadayperpersoninWestern Europein1965to25kmadayin1995.Thisdependenceonmotorvehicles has given rise to major problems, including environmental pollution, depletion of oil resources, traffic congestionandsafety. 5. theincreasinguseof motorvehicles

B.Whileemissionsfromnewcarsarefarlessharmfulthantheyusedtobe,citystreetsandmotorways are becoming more crowded than ever, often with older trucks, buses and taxis which emit excessive levelsofsmokeandfumes.Thisconcentrationofvehiclesmakesairqualityinurbanareasunpleasantand sometimesdangeroustobreathe.EvenMoscowhasjoinedthelistofcapitalsafflictedbycongestionand trafficfumes.InMexicoCity,vehiclepollutionisamajorhealthhazard. C. Until a hundred years ago, most journeys were in the 1. acomparisonofpastandpresent 20kmrange,thedistanceconvenientlyaccessiblebyhorse. transportationmethods Heavy freight could only be carried by water or rail. Inventionofthemotorvehiclebroughtpersonalmobilityto themassesand maderapidfreightdeliverypossibleoveramuch wider area.In theUnitedKingdom, about90percentofinlandfreightiscarriedbyroad.Theworldcannotreverttothehorse‐drawnwagon. Canitavoidbeinglockedintocongestedandpollutingwaysoftransportingpeopleandgoods? D.InEuropemostcitiesarestilldesignedfortheoldmodesoftransport.Adaptationtothemotorcarhas involvedaddingringroads,one‐waysystemsandparkinglots.IntheUnitedStates,morelandisassigned tocarusethantohousing.Urbansprawlmeansthatlifewithoutacarisnexttoimpossible.Massuseof motorvehicleshasalsokilledorinjuredmillionsofpeople.Othersocialeffectshavebeenblamedonthe carsuchasalienationandaggressivehumanbehaviour. E.A1993studybytheEuropeanFederationforTransportandEnvironmentfoundthatcartransportis seventimesascostlyasrailtravelintermsoftheexternalsocialcostsitentails–congestion,accidents, pollution, loss of cropland and natural habitats, depletion of oil resources, and so on. Yet cars easily surpasstrainsorbusesasaflexibleandconvenientmodeofpersonaltransport.Itisunrealistictoexpect peopletogiveupprivatecarsinfavourofmasstransit. F.Technicalsolutionscanreducethepollutionproblemandincreasethefuelledefficiencyofengines.But fuelconsumptionandexhaustemissionsdependonwhichcarsarepreferredbycustomersandhowthey are driven. Many people buy larger cars than they need for daily purposes or waste fuel by driving aggressively.Besides,globalcaruseisincreasingatafasterratethantheimprovementinemissionsand fuelefficiencywhichtechnologyisnowmakingpossible.

G.Somearguethattheonlylong‐termsolutionistodesigncitiesandneighbourhoodssothatcarjourneys are not necessary – all essential services being located within walking distance or easily accessible by publictransport.Notonlywouldthissaveenergyandcutcarbondioxideemissions,itwouldalsoenhance thequalityofcommunitylife,puttingtheemphasisonpeopleinsteadofcars.Goodlocalgovernmentis alreadybringingthisaboutinsomeplaces.Butfewdemocraticcommunitiesareblessedwiththevision– andthecapital–tomakesuchprofoundchangesinmodernlifestyles. H.Amorelikelyscenarioseemstobeacombinationofmasstransitsystemsfortravelintoandaround cities,withsmall‘lowemission’carsforurbanuseandlargerhybridorleanburncarsforuseelsewhere. Electronicallytolledhighwaysmightbeusedtoensurethatdriverspaychargesgearedtoactualroaduse. Better integration of transport systems is also highly desirable – and made more feasible by modern computers.Butthesearesolutionsforcountrieswhichcanaffordthem.Inmostdevelopingcountries,old carsandoldtechnologiescontinuetopredominate. Questions1‐6 ThepassagehaseightparagraphslabelledA‐H.Whichparagraphscontainsthefollowinginformation? NBYoumayuseanylettermorethanonce. 1. acomparisonofpastandpresenttransportationmethods

… C........

2. howdrivinghabitscontributetoroadproblems

..............

3. therelativemeritsofcarsandpublictransport

..............

4. thewriter’spredictiononfuturesolutions

..............

5. theincreasinguseofmotorvehicles

… A.......

6. theimpactofthecaroncitydevelopment

..............

EXTRAPRACTICE1 Readthepassagebelowandcompletetheexercisesthatfollow

Movingcontinents A.Thebeliefthatcontinentshavenotalwaysbeenfixedintheirpresentpositionswasfirstsuggestedas earlyas1596bytheDutchmapmakerAbrahamOrtelius.OrteliussuggestedthattheAmericaswere‘torn away from Europe and Africa ... by earthquakes and floods’, and went on to say, ‘The vestiges of the rupture reveal themselves if someone brings forward a map of the world and considers carefully the coastsofthethree[continents].’However,itwasnotuntil1912thattheideaofmovingcontinentswas seriouslyconsideredasafull‐blownscientifictheory,whenthetheoryofcontinentaldriftwasintroduced intwoarticlesbya32‐year‐oldGermanmeteorologistnamedAlfredLotharWegener.Hecontendedthat allthepresentcontinentsusedtoformone‘supercontinenť,whichhecalled‘Pangaea’(theGreekfor‘all lands’–thesecondsyllableisusuallypronounced‘jee’or‘gay’),andthatthisbegantosplitapartaround 200 million years ago. The parts drifted across the Earth, eventually breaking into the various smaller continentsthatexisttoday. B.Wegener’stheorywasbasedinpartonwhatappearedtohimtobetheremarkablefitoftheSouth American and African continents, first noted by Ortelius three centuries earlier. Wegener was also intriguedbytheoccurrencesofunusualgeologicstructuresandoffossils–ofbothplantsandanimals– foundonthematchingcoastlinesofSouthAmericaandAfrica,whicharenowwidelyseparatedbythe AtlanticOcean.Hereasonedthatitwasphysicallyimpossibleformostofthesecreaturestohaveswum orhavebeentransportedacrossthevastocean.Tohim,thepresenceofidenticalfossilsalongthecoastal partsofAfricaandSouthAmericawasthemostcompellingevidencethatthetwocontinentswereonce joined. C.InWegener’smind,thedriftingofcontinentsafterthebreak‐upofPangaeaexplainednotonlythe matchingfossiloccurrencesbutalsotheevidenceofdramaticclimatechangeonsomecontinents.For example,indicationsthattherewereonceglaciersinregionsofSouthAfricaledtotheconclusionthat thislandmustoncehavebeensituatedmuchfurtherawayfromthetropics.Othermismatchesofgeology andpresent‐dayclimateincludedtheoccurrenceofcoal–theproductofancienttemperateortropical forests–inSpitzbergen,anislandthatisnowclosetotheNorthPole. D.AtthetimeWegenerintroducedhistheory,thescientificcommunityfirmlybelievedthecontinents andoceanstobepermanentfeaturesontheearth`ssurface.Notsurprisingly,hisproposalwasnotwell received,eventhoughitseemedtoagreewiththescientificinformationavailableatthetime.Afatal weaknessinWegener`stheorywasthatitcouldnotsatisfactorilyanswerthemostfundamentalquestion raisedbyhiscritics:whatkindofforcescouldbestrongenoughtomovesuchlargemassesofsolidrock oversuchgreatdistances?

E. After Wegener’s death in 1930, new evidence from ocean floor exploration and other studies rekindled interest in his theory, ultimately leading, in the early 1960s, to the development of the theory ofplatetectonics.Thisscientific concept has revolutionised our understanding of the dynamic planet upon which we live.The theory states that the earth`s outermost layer is fragmented into a dozen or moreplatesofvarioussizesthataremovingrelativetooneanotherastheyrideontopofhotter,more mobilematerial. F.Thetheoryhasprovidedexplanationstoquestionsthatscientistshadspeculateduponforcenturies– suchaswhyearthquakesandvolcaniceruptionsoccurinveryspecificareasaroundtheworld,andhow andwhymountainrangesliketheAlpsandHimalayasformed. Questions1‐6 The reading passage has six paragraphs labelled A‐F. Which paragraph contains the following information?NBYoumayuseanylettermorethanonce. 1. Howlaterdevelopmentsrevivedconsiderationofthetheoryofcontinentaldrift ................... 2. Evidencethatsomeareasusedtobesituatedinmuchwarmerorcolderregions ................... 3. SomethingthatWegener’stheorycouldnotexplain.

...................

4. Areasonwhylivingorganismscan’thavemovedfromonecontinenttoanother. ................... 5. Anapparentcontradictioninthereactiontothetheoryofcontinentaldrift.

...................

6. Anoutlineofatheorythatexplainshowcontinentaldriftoccurs.

...................

EXTRAPRACTICE2 Readthepassagebelowandcompletetheexercisesthatfollow

Australia'sSportingSuccess A.Theyplayhard,theyplayoften,andtheyplaytowin.Australiansportsteamswinmorethantheirfair shareoftitles,demolishingrivalswithseemingease.Howdotheydoit?Abigpartofthesecretisan extensiveandexpensive networkofsportingacademiesunderpinnedbyscienceand medicine.Atthe Australian Institute of Sport (AIS), hundreds of youngsters and pros live and train under the eyes of coaches.Anotherbody,theAustralianSportsCommission(ASC),financesprogrammesofexcellenceina total of 96 sports for thousands of sportsmen and women. Both provide intensive coaching, training facilitiesandnutritionaladvice. B.Insidetheacademies,sciencetakescentrestage.TheAISemploysmorethan100sportsscientistsand doctors,andcollaborateswithscoresofothersinuniversitiesandresearchcentres.AISscientistswork acrossanumberofsports,applyingskillslearnedinone–suchasbuildingmusclestrengthingolfers–to others, such as swimming and squash. They are backed up by technicians who design instruments to collectdatafromathletes.Theyallfocusononeaim:winning.‘Wecan'twasteourtimelookingatethereal scientificquestionsthatdon'thelpthecoachworkwithanathleteandimproveperformance.’saysPeter Fricker,chiefofscienceatAIS. C.Alotoftheirworkcomesdowntomeasurement–everythingfromtheexactangleofaswimmersdive to the second‐by‐second power output of a cyclist. This data is used to wring improvements out of athletes.Thefocusisonindividuals,tweakingperformancestosqueezeanextrahundredthofasecond here,anextramillimetrethere.Nogainistooslighttobotherwith.It'sthetiny,gradualimprovements thatadduptoworld‐beatingresults.Todemonstratehowthesystemworks,BruceMasonatAISshows off the prototype of a 3D analysis tool for studying swimmers. A wire‐frame model of a champion swimmerslicesthroughthewater,herarmsmovinginslowmotion.Lookingside‐on,Masonmeasures thedistancebetweenstrokes.Fromabove,heanalyseshowherspineswivels.Whenfullydeveloped,this systemwillenablehimtobuildabiomechanicalprofileforcoachestousetohelpbuddingswimmers. Mason'scontributiontosportalsoincludesthedevelopmentoftheSWAN(SWimmingANalysis)system nowusedinAustraliannationalcompetitions.Itcollectsimagesfromdigitalcamerasrunningat50frames a second and breaks down each part of a swimmers performance into factors that can be analysed individually ‐ stroke length, stroke frequency, average duration of each stroke, velocity, start, lap and finishtimes,andsoon.Attheendofeachrace,SWANspitsoutdataoneachswimmer. D.‘Takealook.’saysMason,pullingoutasheetofdata.Hepointsoutthedataontheswimmersinsecond andthirdplace,whichshowsthattheonewhofinishedthirdactuallyswamfaster.Sowhydidhefinish 35hundredthsofaseconddown?‘Histurntimeswere44hundredthsofasecondbehindtheotherguy,’ saysMason.‘Ifhecanimproveonhisturns,hecandomuchbetter.’ThisisthekindofaccuracythatAIS scientists' research is bringing to a range of sports. With the Cooperative Research Centre for Micro TechnologyinMelbourne,theyaredevelopingunobtrusivesensorsthatwillbeembeddedinanathlete's

clothesorrunningshoestomonitorheartrate,sweating,heatproductionoranyotherfactorthatmight have an impact on an athlete's ability to run. There's more to it than simply measuring performance. Frickergivestheexampleofathleteswhomaybedownwithcoughsandcolds11or12timesayear.After yearsofexperimentation,AISandtheUniversityofNewcastleinNewSouthWalesdevelopedatestthat measureshowmuchoftheimmune‐systemproteinimmunoglobulinAispresentinathletes'saliva.IfIgA levelssuddenlyfallbelowacertainlevel,trainingiseasedordroppedaltogether.Soon,IgAlevelsstart risingagain,andthedangerpasses.Sincethetestswereintroduced,AISathletesinallsportshavebeen remarkablysuccessfulatstayinghealthy. E.Usingdataisacomplexbusiness.Wellbeforeachampionship,sportsscientistsandcoachesstartto preparetheathletebydevelopinga‘competitionmodel’,basedonwhattheyexpectwillbethewinning times.‘Youdesignthemodeltomakethattime.’saysMason.‘Astartofthismuch,eachfree‐swimming periodhastobethisfast,withacertainstrokefrequencyandstrokelength,withturnsdoneinthese times’.Allthetrainingisthengearedtowardsmakingtheathletehitthosetargets,bothoverallandfor eachsegmentof therace.Techniqueslike thesehavetransformedAustraliaintoarguablytheworld's mostsuccessfulsportingnation. F.Ofcourse,there'snothingtostopothercountriescopying–andmanyhavetried.Someyearsago,the AISunveiledcoolant‐linedjacketsforenduranceathletes.AttheAtlantaOlympicGamesin1996,these slicedasmuchastwopercentoffcyclists'androwerstimes.Noweveryoneusesthem.Thesamehas happened to the altitude tent, developed by AIS to replicate the effect of altitude training at sea level. ButAustralia'ssuccessstoryisaboutmorethaneasilycopiedtechnologicalfixes,anduptonow nonationhasreplicateditsall‐encompassingsystem. Questions1‐7 TheReadingPassagehassixsections,A‐F.Whichparagraphcontainsthefollowinginformation? NBYoumayuseanylettermorethanonce 1. areferencetotheexchangeofexpertisebetweendifferentsports

.............................

2. anexplanationofhowvisualimagingisemployedininvestigations

.............................

3. areasonfornarrowingthescopeofresearchactivity

.............................

4. howsomeAISideashavebeenreproduced

.............................

5. howobstaclestooptimumachievementcanbeinvestigated

.............................

6. anoverviewofthefundedsupportofathletes

.............................

7. howperformancerequirementsarecalculatedbeforeanevent

.............................

Questions8‐11 Classifythefollowingtechniquesaccordingtowhetherthewriterstatesthey A. arecurrentlyexclusivelyusedbyAustralians B. willbeusedinthefuturebyAustralians C. arecurrentlyusedbybothAustraliansandtheirrivals WritethecorrectletterA,B,or C 8. cameras

..............

9. sensors

..............

10. proteintests

..............

11. altitudetents

..............

Questions12and13 Answerthequestionsbelow.ChooseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSAND/ORANUMBERfromthe ReadingPassageforeachanswer. 12. Whatisproducedtohelpanathleteplantheirperformanceinanevent?........................................ 13. Byhowmuchdidsomecyclists'performanceimproveatthe1996OlympicGames?.......................

SUMMARY COMPLETION OBJECTIVES: Afterthislesson,youshouldbeabletohandletheIELTSReading- Summarycompletionquestion type STRATEGIES: DE SCRIPTION

‐

‐ ‐ ‐

Targetedskills: o Skimmingtounderstandthegeneralmeaninginasummary o Scanningforinformationinthepassage o Identifyingsynonymsandparaphrases Youaregivenasummaryofapassageorapartofapassageinwhichsomepiecesof informationaremissing. Youarerequiredtocompletethissummarywithinformationdrawnfromthetext. Therearetwotypesofsummarycompletion: • byusingwordstakenfromapassage • byusingalistofwordsprovidedinabox

ACTIONPLAN 1. Checktheinstructiontosee:  what kind of summary completion the task is (With or WithoutBox)  thewordlimit 2. Skimthesummaryandtrytounderstandtheoverallmeaning 3. Try to predict the answers before you look at the reading text: whichwordtype(noun,verb,adjective)shouldbeincluded? 4. Ifyouhavealistofwords,trytoidentifythepossibleoptions. 5. Based on the title or the key words, decide which part of the readingtextthesummaryrelatesto.

Tips:  

Lookforsynonymsand paraphrasesinthetext Don’tspendtoomuchtimeon onequestion.Ifyoucan’tfindit, markwhatyouthinkitmightbe andmoveon.

 Ifyougetalistofwords,tryto eliminateoptionsthatwould makethesentenceungrammatical ornonsensical/notmakesensein termsofmeanings

6. Scan the key words of each question to find the related chunk of textfromthepassage. 7. Comparethesentenceinthesummary with the related text chunkanddecideontheanswer 

thewordneededintheblank(summarywithoutbox)



thesynonymsofthatword(summarywithbox)

8. Checktoseeifyourwordmakesthesentenceinthesummarygrammatical and meaningful.

MODELPRACTICE 1 Readthepassagebelowandcompletetheexercisesthatfollow

HikingtheIncaTrail Sitting high in the Andes Mountains in Peru, the ancient ruins of Machu 1. ceremonial Picchu have captured the imaginations of travelers ever since they were rediscovered by archeologist Hiram Bingham in 1911. The name Machu Theblankcomesbefore Picchu means "old peak" in the native Incan language, and the site had thekeywordcity(noun), probably been considered a sacred place since long before the ancient soitmaybeanadjective Incas arrived there. The Incas built a ceremonial city on the site that oranoun. included palaces, temples, storage rooms, baths, and houses, all constructed from heavy blocks of granite fitted precisely together. Although little is known about the activities that took place in the ancient city, it appears that one of its functions was as an astronomical observatory. The so‐called Intihuatana stone, located at the site, was used to mark the autumn and spring equinoxes as well as otherastronomicalevents. The spectacular natural setting, the wonders of architectural and engineering skills embodied in the well‐preserved buildings, and the mysteries of the ancient culture draw thousands of tourists from around the world every year. The nearest city is Cuzco, about thirty milesaway.Fromthere,touristscan taketrainsandbusestotheruins.A popular route for the more adventurous is to hike along the Inca Trail. The ancient Inca created a networkoftrailsthroughoutthemountains,someofwhicharestillinexistence.TheIncaTrailtoMachu Picchu,usedbyhikerstoday,waslikelyconsideredasacredrouteinitstime,usedbytravelersmaking pilgrimagestothatceremonialsite. AlthoughtheIncaTrailleadstothewondersofMachuPicchu,itoffersmanymarvelsofitsown.Hikers are treated to magnificent views of glacier‐covered peaks above and tropical valleys below in their journeyoverhighmountainpasses.Manyspeciesoforchidscan beseen,aswellasallkindsofbirds, from tiny hummingbirds to the splendid Andean condor. The Inca Trail also passes by ruins of other ceremonialsitesonthewaytothegranddestinationofMachuPicchu. TouristshavebeenhikingtheIncaTrailsincetheearlypartofthetwentiethcentury,andformuchof that time there were no regulations. Hikers could travel when they pleased and camp wherever they chose.However,thetriphasbecomesopopularthatin2005,thePeruviangovernmentinstitutedaset of restrictions on the use of the trail. To protect the natural environment and preserve the ruins, no

morethan500peopleadayareallowedtoenterthetrail.Becauseeachgroupthatsetsoutincludes guides and porters, the number of tourists entering the trail each day is probably closer to 200. In addition,bothtourcompaniesandindividualguidesmustbelicensed.Therearealsolegalrequirements thatpertaintotheminimumwagethatportersmustbepaidaswellasthemaximumweightloadthey can be required to carry. Fees for trail use help pay for upkeep of the trail and the ruins. All these regulationsandfeescombineforamoreexpensivetrip,andthishasmadeitaluxuryaccessibletofewer people.Theupsideisthattheenvironmentandtheworkersareprotected. Questions1–9 Completethesummarybelow. ChooseNOMORETHANONEWORDfromthetextforeachanswer. MachuPicchuisanancient1…ceremonial…cityintheAndesMountainsofPeru.Itwasrediscoveredby an 2 ………………………………. in 1911. It is not precisely clear how the ancient Inca used the site, but expertsbelievethatatleastsomeofits3……………………………….pertainedtoastronomy.Thewondersof MachuPicchu4……………………………….visitorsfromallaroundtheworld.Manyvisitorsliketoreachthe sitebyhikingtheIncaTrail,partofa5……………………………….oftrailsoriginallymadebytheancientInca. This is a trip for 6 ………………………………. people. Along the way, hikers can enjoy many 7 ………………………………. such as spectacular views and interesting flowers and birds. Because such large numbers of people use the Inca Trail, the Peruvian government has had to take steps to 8 ……………………………….theruinsandtheenvironment.Ithasinstitutedanumberofrestrictionsaswellas fees.Becauseofthis,hikingthetrailhasbecomeanexpensive9……………………………….thatmanypeople cannotafford.

MODEL PRACTICE 2 Read the passage below and complete the exercises that follow

Fashion in European Costume 1. creative inventiveness  creativity manipulating a length of cloth into three-dimensional shape to cover the human body  clothes design have been demonstrated  shows over the past few centuries  over the centuries.

A. Our inventiveness in manipulating a length of cloth into a threedimensional shape to cover the human body has been demonstrated with astonishing variety over the past few centuries. The continuous desire for change in dress cannot be dismissed as arbitrary. Fashion, whether in art, architecture, furniture or dress, must rather be seen as the expression of ideas shared by a number of people at any one time, often linked to fundamental changes in moral or social values, and thus reflecting the essential characteristics of a particular period; and dress should be regarded as an art form, a skilful arrangement of materials through which ideas or messages, both personal and social, are communicated.

B. Articles of clothing were first used in this way as symbols of rank, authority or occupation, a function that still survives in, for instance, a king's crown, a bishop's mitre and cope, special robes for judges and the whole range of uniforms for military or specialised services. From these specific symbols developed the use of clothes to convey less obvious or direct messages, such as the superiority of one individual over another, particularly in terms of wealth (which frequently also meant power), indicated by jewels, rich fabrics and furs, or garments in which it would be difficult to undertake physical labour. Even today, the desire to wear a mink coat, diamonds or ostentatious clothing as a sign of financial and social success is not uncommon. C. The need to achieve status and win admiration is a fundamental human instinct, however subconscious, and is reflected in our choice of clothing. Few people are completely indifferent to the clothes they wear; even those who choose to dress 'out of fashion' in what they consider a more aesthetic manner and those who are negligent or even slovenly often achieve a sense of superiority in being unconventional. But there is also a strong urge to belong; we are social animals and need to feel at one with the community. Fashion in clothing is therefore an expression of the communal ideas or beliefs of a social group, and changes in society often lead to new styles. There were significant changes in fashion when women gained greater freedom during the 1920s, and again in the 1960s, with the glorification of youth and the revolt against the status quo. Questions 1-6 Complete the summary using words from the box below. admirable planned

manual prevailing

rebellious symbolic

affluent formal

creative random

Clothes design shows how 1 ........creative - adj....... people have been over the centuries. Changes in fashion do not seem to be 2 ..........................., but instead they mirror changes in the 3................................... ideas of a society. Clothing can be informative about both individuals and whole societies, initially indicating established positions in society. Subsequently, people showed how 4................................. they were, for instance by wearing clothes unsuitable for 5..............................work. Fashions in clothing have changed, for example to reflect the 6 ............................ mood of the 1960.

EXTRAPRACTICE1 Readthepassagebelowandcompletetheexercisesthatfollow

VALIUM In the 1960s, Valium was launched around the world as the new miracle pill. It was prescribed for dozensofailments,includingstress,panicattacks,backpain,insomniaandcalmingpatientsbeforeand after surgery. Four decades later, many are questioning why the drug is still so popular, given that doctorsanddrugaddictionworkersbelieveValium,anddrugslikeit,createmorehealthproblemsthan theysolve. Valium – a Latin word meaning "strong and well" – was developed in the early 1960s in the United States(US)byDr.LeoSternbach,aPolishchemistworkingforpharmaceuticalgiantHoffman‐LaRoche. Approved for use in 1963, Valium quickly became a favourite among mental health professionals and generalpractitioners.ValiumwasthemostprescribeddrugintheUSbetween1969and1982.Atthe peak of Valium use in the 1970s, Hoffman LaRoche's parent company, the Roche Group, was selling about two billion Valium pills a year, earning the company $US 600 million a year. Valium quickly becameahouseholdname,thedrugofchoiceformillionsofpeople,fromtherichandfamoustothe stressedexecutiveandthefrustratedhousewife. These days Valium is still a popular choice. From 2002‐2003, 50% of prescriptions for diazepams (the generic name for Valium) in Australia were for Valium. Almost two million scripts were issued for diazepamin2002,costingconsumersandgovernmentsmorethan$13million. Diazepams belong to a class of drugs known as benzodiazepines, which include tranquillizers to ease anxiety and hypnotics to treat insomnia. Valium and other benzodiazepines were marketed as fast acting,non‐addictiveandashavingnosideeffects.Initiallybenzodiazepineswereconsideredtobequite safe,especiallycomparedtootherdrugsonthemarket.Forexample,barbiturateswerealsoverytoxic andasmalloverdosewouldbefatal. One of the great advantages of benzodiazepines over their predecessors was that even if the patient tookmanytablets,theywouldgetverysickandgo offtosleep,buttheywouldn'tdie.It seemedtoo goodtobetrue.Andofcourseitwas. Somedoctorsbegantoobservealarmingfactsaboutbenzodiazepineswhichweren'twellknownduring the1960sandthe1970s,andwhicharestilltruetoday.Theywereaddictive,eveninsmalldoses;they couldbesafelyprescribedforonlyaveryshortperiod;andthebodyadaptedtothedrugwithinaweek, whichusuallyledtheusertotakehigherdosagesoranincreasednumberoftablets. Inadditiontothis,whatwasn'twellknownuntiltheearly1980sisthatamuchlargergroupofpeople had become dependent on these benzodiazepines, including Valium, by taking the normal dose. Althoughtheywereonlytaking2mgthreetimesaday,doctorsobservedthatwithinaweektheywere becomingdependent.Moreover,theywerebecomingveryillifthatdosewasreducedorwithdrawn.

Because the withdrawal from benzodiazepines is brutal, doctors continue to prescribe the medication forfearofthepatient'shealthduringwithdrawal.Doctorsbelievethatthereisnopointinrefusingto prescribethedruguntilthepatientispreparedtostop.Valiumhasalonghalf‐life,whichmeansthatit takes30‐plushoursforthebodytogetridofhalfofthedailydose.Asaresult,withdrawalsfromValium are just as difficult as withdrawals from other drugs, including alcohol. Patients who are withdrawing canhavefitsforfiveorsixdaysaftertheyhavestoppedtakingValium,whichisoneofthebigrisks.It usually takes the body five to seven days to detoxify from alcohol and less than a month for heroin comparedtowithdrawalfromValiumwhichcantakeuptosixmonths. Many doctors believe that Valium gives people false hope and argue that while many patients feel better when they initially begin taking the drug, the feelings are short‐lived. In the case of benzodiazepinestheyshouldonlybetakenaspartofanoverallexaminationofthepatient'slifestyle. Guidelines have been developed to support the appropriate use by doctors and patients of Valium and other benzodiazepines. Doctors need to talk about what is causing the stress and suggest possible alternativetreatmentoptions.Theflipsideofthecoinisthatconsumersneedtotakeownershipofthe medicinesthattheyaretaking.Theyshouldtalktotheirdoctorabouttheimpactthemedicationhason their health. This also helps doctors to help manage their patient's health. The emergence of concerns over the use ofValium,originallyhailedas thewonderdrugof its day, isawarningforusall to be cautious about the newer drugs. What it all boils down to is that doctors and patients need to monitor theuseofallmedicines ‐ thisincludesprescriptionmedicineaswellasover‐the‐countermedications. Questions1‐9 Completethesummarybelowbyusingwordstakenfromthepassage.UseNOMORETHANTHREE WORDSORANUMBERforeachanswer. Initially,doctorsbelievedthatValiumwasacomparatively1……………………………………..drugforanumber of reasons: it worked quickly, patients could take it but give it up easily and it didn't create any unpleasant2……………………………………………. However,aboutthirtyyearsagosomedisturbingfactsbecameapparent.DoctorsfoundthatValiumwas 3…………………………………………… in the short term and users needed to 4…………………………………….. dosages in order to get the same effect. They also found that even users who tooka5………………………………………………dosebecameaddictedveryquickly.Inadditiontothis,oneofthe mostworrying concerns about Valium use was that it was extremely 6………………………………………………. for userstogiveupthedrugbecauseithadalonghalf‐life.Doctors are now aware that patients who take Valium merely receive a short‐lived feeling of 7………………………………………………... Therefore, guidelines have been developed to make sure that it is used only when it is 8…………………………………………Morecautionneedstobeexercised.Doctorsneedtotalkaboutpatients' stress levels and advise them of 9………………………………………………. Finally, patients need to be more awareofthemedicationstheytake.

EXTRAPRACTICE2 Readthepassagebelowandcompletetheexercisesthatfollow

CropCircles The crop circle phenomenon has puzzled and mystified humanity for many years. The designs just appear,placedcarefullyinfieldsoffoodgrains.Somearelargerthanfootballfieldsandhighlycomplex indesignandconstruction.Othersaresmallerandmoreprimitive.Wecallthemcropcircles,butmany ofthemarenotcircular.Someareelongatedabstractdesigns,afewresembleinsectsorotherknown forms, and some are mixtures of lines, circles, and other shapes melded into intricate patterns. Most become visible overnight, though it has been claimed that a few have appeared within a half‐hour in broaddaylight. Cropcircleshaveappearedallovertheworld.About10,000instancesfromvariouscountrieshavebeen reported in recent years. The first modern rash of crop circles appeared in Australia in December of 1973. A strange circular imprint appeared in a wheat field near Wokurna, a community southeast of Adelaide. Soon seven swirled circles up to 14 feet in diameter appeared in an oat field nearby. In December of 1989, an amazing set of circles, ranging from a few inches to a few feet in diameter appeared in the wheat belt west of Melbourne. As many as 90 crop circles were found. The best documentedandlargestmodernspreadofcropcirclesbeganinsouthernEnglandduringthesummerof 1980.Bytheendof1988,112newcircleshadbeenformed.Atthattimecircleswerebeingreported worldwide, 305 by the end of 1989. The total grew to an outstanding 1,000 newly‐formed circles in 1990. In 1991, 200 to 300 circles were reported. Crop circles have been documented in over 30 countries,includingCanada,theformerSovietUnion,JapanandtheUnitedStates. Nine out of ten circles remained simple with broken stems flattened to the ground and swirled. The stalksaroundthecirclesremainedcompletelyerect.Butovertheyears,cropcircleshavebecomemuch moregeometricallyintricate.Patternsinvolvedmultiplecircles,bars,triangles,ringsandspurs.Pictorial imagery also appeared. Reliable eyewitnesses have reported seeing unusual lights and hearing unidentifiable sounds while on an early‐morning walk in the countryside where a crop circle showed later that day. High‐pitched, warbling noises have been recorded at the site of some crop circles. On severaloccasionsastrangegloworadarkercolouringhasbeenseenintheskyoveracropcircle.Andin morethanoneinstance,theelectricalpowerofsmallplanesflyingoverheadhasbeencutoffabruptly. While the causal energies do not seem to harm animals, or even insects as far as we can tell, wild creatures tend to avoid the circles. Flocks of birds have been seen to split apart and fly around the perimeterratherthangodirectlyoveracropcircleformation. Researchers havespentagreatdealoftimeinvestigatingdifferentaspectsofcropcircles.Theytryto detecttracesofhumaninvolvementinthecircle‐making,testtheareaofthecircleitselfforgeophysical anomalies, and analyze the field's grain both from within and outside the circles, searching for differences.

Dr. W. C. Levengood of BLT Research in Cambridge, Massachusetts, has analyzed many grain samples andconfirmed,timeaftertime,significantchangesatthecellularlevelofcropcircleplants.Theplants from the circles have elongated cells and blown‐out growth nodes. Seeds from the circle plants often show accelerated growth rates when they are sown, and in some instances, quite different‐looking plants result. In many instances it appears that a vortex‐like energy causes the plants to swirl down, flattening the design into the land. Whatever this energy is, it does not generally inhibit the plants' growth.Theycontinuetoshownormalresponsetothesun,raisingupwardoverseveraldaysfollowing the appearance of the circle. Michael Chorost of Duke University found occasions of short‐lived radionuclidesinthetoplayerofsoilinsomeoftheformations.ABritishgovernmentlaboratoryfound diminishednitrogenanddecreasednematodepopulationsaswellasdecreasedwatercontentinthesoil of a formation. Researchers have discovered other anomalies as well, such as curious embedded magneticparticlesandcharredtissue.Someoftheplantstalkswithinthecirclesshowevidenceofbeing exposedtorapidmicrowaveheating. Scientistshaveattemptedtoexplain cropcirclesasaresultofnaturalprocesses.Onepopulartheory, acceptedbymanymainstreamscientistsandacademics,isknownas'PlasmaVortexTheory'.Developed by Dr. Terence Mearden, it theorizes that electrified air (plasma), on the side of hills, becomes mini‐ tornadoes and screws down onto the ground, creating the circles. The theory also holds that the electrifiedairwouldcausealighttoappearabovethecircleandthereforeaccountforUFOsightings. Althoughthistheorystillhasconsiderablesupport,ithascomeunderfirebecauseofthehighlyintricate andcomplexcropcirclepatternsthathaveappearedsince1991.Anothertheoryisthatthecirclesare all hoaxes or practical jokes. Major support came to this theory when, on September 9, 1991, two Englishmenclaimedtohavecreatedapproximately250cropcircles.However,thosecirclesweremore ragged than others, and many were already suspect. It is irrational to believe that all crop circles are fakedforpublicityorotherreasons.Many crop circlesappearedlong beforethephenomenon gained largerecognitionfromthepublicandpress.Toomanycirclesandpatternsareformedeachyearintoo many countries for them to have been hoaxes. Many crop circles show strange mathematical traits whenanalyzed. The crop circle phenomenon is an enigma. Many dollars have been spent by researchers and their associations in an attempt to find a solution to this intriguing puzzle which will continue to haunt humanityuntilanexplanationisfound. Questions1‐5 Dothefollowingstatementsreflecttheclaimsofthewriterofthispassage? Write: YESifthestatementreflectstheclaimsofthewriter. NOifthestatementcontradictsthewriter. NOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis. 1. Cropcirclesonlyappearinwheatfields.

...........................

2. Cropcircleshaveneverbeendocumentedintropicalcountries.

...........................

3. Thelargestnumberofcropcirclereportingsinasingleyearoccurredin1990........................... 4. Thepatternsofcropcircleshavebecomeincreasinglycomplexovertheyears.......................... 5. Allcropcirclesarehoaxes.

...........................

Questions6‐9 Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. Sincetheearly1970s,overtenthousandcropcircleshavebeenreportedaroundtheworld,thegreatest numberofwhicharein6…………………………………………………whereoveronehundredcirclesappearedina single

year.

Phenomena

such

the

appearance

strange

lights

and

unusual

7……………………………………………..………. sometimes occur around the sites of crop circles. 8…………..............................

are

not

affected

but

has

been

observed

that

birds

9……………..............................flyingoveraformation. Questions10‐13 Usetheinformationinthetexttomatchthescientists(A‐C)witheachareaofstudy(10‐13)listedbelow. NB You may use any letter more than once. A. Dr.Mearden B. Dr.Levengood C. MichaelChorost Example:

observationsoflightinrelationtocropcircles

10. changesinthestructureofsoilwithincropcircles

...................................

11. acceleratedgrowthofseedsfromcropcircles

...................................

12. electricalchargesintheairaroundcropcircles

...................................

13. changesincellstructureofplantsfoundincropcircles

...................................

MATCHING FEATURES OBJECTIVES: Afterthislesson,youshouldbeabletohandletheIELTSReading–MatchingFeaturesquestiontype. STRATEGIES: DESCRIPTION  Targetedskills: o Scanning o Matchingstatementstogivenitems(authors’names,ideas,traits,etc.) 

Thestatementsareusuallynumbered1,2,3andso on,andtheitemsA,B,C,etc.



Theremaynotbeamatchingstatementforeveryitem,whileyoumayneedtousesome itemsmorethanonce.



Theitemsintheboxusuallyfollowthepassageorder,butthestatementsareinrandom order.



Ifyouthinktwoitemsfitanyofthestatements,youwillneedtocomebacktothese,as thereisonlyoneanswerforeachstatement.

ACTIONPLAN 1. Readtheinstructioncarefullytoseeifanitemcanbeusedmorethanonce. 2. Startwiththegivenitemsbecausetheyarenotusuallyparaphrasableandthusareeasierto lookfor. 3. Underline/highlight/circletheseitemsinthepassage.Someoftheitemsmayappearmorethan onceinthepassage,soitisimportanttofindthemall. 4. Carefullyreadthestatementsandmarkthekeywords. 5. Readaroundthefirstitem(A)youhavemarkedinthepassageandreadthelistofstatements quicklytoseewhetheranyofthemmatches.Iftheitemoccursinotherpartsofthepassage, readaroundthesepartstoo. 6. Writetheletternexttothecorrectstatement(s),thenwriteitintheanswersheetlater. 7. Repeatthisprocedurewiththenextgivenitem. 8. Ifyouthinktwoitemsfitanyofthestatements,youwillneedtocomebacktothese,asthereis onlyoneanswerforeachstatement. 9.

Timemanagement:1minuteforeachquestion.

MODELPRACTICE Readthepassagebelowandanswerthequestionsthatfollow

OriginsofWriting Ancient civilizations attributed the origins of writing to the gods. For the ancient Egyptians, their god Thothwasthecreatorofwritingand,insomestories,alsothe creator of speech. The ancient Sumerians and Assyrians also believed that writing originated with certain gods, as did the ancient Maya. In Chinese mythology, the creation of writing is attributedtoanancientsageandwasusedforcommunication withthegods.Clearly,writingwashighlyvaluedevenbyancient peoples. Humansbeganpaintingpicturesoncavewalls25,000yearsago or more, but writing systems did not develop until groups of people began settling in farming communities.Scholarssaythatwritingsystemsdevelopedindependentlyinatleastthreedifferentparts oftheworld:Mesopotamia,China,andMesoamerica. 3. A Keywords: AncientSumerians/ impressing/clay Noticethatinthepassage, “Ancient Sumerians” appears first. In the given list, Ancient Sumerians is also labelled as A. Therefore, you need to search for the correct sentence based on the item, not the other way around.

TheoldestknownwritingsystemdevelopedamongtheancientSumeriansin Mesopotamia around 3000 B.C. Along with the rise of agricultural societies camethedevelopmentofpropertyownershipandtheneedtokeeprecords of it. In early agricultural societies, property consisted largely of land, livestock such as cattle, and grain. Originally, clay tokens of various shapes were used to count these possessions. From this developed a system of impressing the shapes onto clay tablets. One of the earliest clay tablets of thistypewasfoundinexcavationsinMesopotamiaanddatesfromthetime oftheSumerianculture.Scribesthenbeganusingreedsinsteadoftokensto mark the clay, developing a system of wedge‐like shapes to represent the tokens.Thissystemofwritingusingwedgeshapesisknownascuneiform.It was later adopted by other cultures and became the basis for other writing systems. Originating in a system that used pictures to represent objects, cuneiform writing eventually developed into systems that used symbols to representthesoundsoflanguage.

TheoldestformofChinesewritingdatesfromaround1500B.C.Itiscalledoraclebonescriptbecauseit was carved on animal bones and shells that were used for predicting the future. At a later period, Chinese writing appeared on bronze vases and later still developed into a system that was used to recordgovernmentaffairs.TheChinesewritingsystemwasalsotheoriginalbasisforboththeJapanese andKoreanwritingsystems.

In Mesoamerica, a region that encompasses parts of Mexico and Central America, it is the ancient Mayanswhoarefamousforthewritingtheyinscribedontemplewallsandotherreligiousstructures. However,scholarsbelievethatwritinginthatpartoftheworldmayhavebegunbeforetheriseofthe Mayancivilization.TheZapotecculture,centeredonOaxaca,Mexico,wasalreadyusingwritingaround 400B.C.,orpossiblyearlier.TheOlmecculturemayhavedevelopedawritingsystemevenearlierthan that.RecentdiscoveriesshowthattheMayansmayhavebegunwritingaround2,300yearsago.They usedasystemofsymbolsthatrepresentedwordsandsyllablestorecordinformationaboutthedeeds oftheirrulersaswellasinformationconnectedtotheircalendarandastronomy.Theirsystemofwriting surviveduntilthetimeoftheSpanishConquestinthe1500s. Inancienttimes,onlyspecializedpeoplesuchasscholars,priests,orgovernmentofficialsusedwriting. Today, close to three‐quarters of the world's adult population can read and write, and literacy is consideredabasicskillnecessarytofunctioninthemodernworld. Questions1–7 DothefollowingdescribetheancientSumerians,theancientChinese,ortheancientMaya? Writethecorrectletter,A,BorC. NB You may use any letter more than once.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

AncientSumerians

AncientChinese

AncientMaya

inscribedsymbolsonbones inscribedsymbolsonreligiousstructures inscribedsymbolsonclaytablets usedtokenstokeeprecordsoftheirproperty usedwritingtorecordtheaccomplishmentsoftheirrulers developedawritingsystemthatwasadoptedbytheJapanese settledinMesopotamia

.................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... ....................

EXTRAPRACTICE1 Readthepassagebelowandanswerthequestionsthatfollow

TheUnitedNationsinsummary TheUnitedNations(UN),aninternationalorganisationwithanumber ofaims,wasfoundedby51countriesin1945aftertheSecondWorld War. Through the powers vested in its founding Charter, it can take action on a wide range of issues, and provide a forum for its 192 MemberStatestoexpresstheirviews,throughtheGeneralAssembly, theSecurityCouncil,theEconomicandSocialCouncilandotherbodies andcommittees. TheworkoftheUNreacheseverycorneroftheglobe.Althoughitis best known for peacekeeping, conflict resolution and humanitarian assistance, the UN and its specialised agencies operate many other programs that affect our lives and make the world a better place. Some of these areas include sustainable development, environment and refugees protection, disasterrelief,counterterrorism,disarmamentandnon‐proliferation. Today,nearlyeverynationintheworldbelongstotheUNandmembershiptotals192countries.When StatesbecomeMembersoftheUnitedNations,theyagreetoaccepttheobligationsoftheUNCharter, aninternationaltreatythatsetsoutbasicprinciplesofinternationalrelations.AccordingtotheCharter, the UN has four purposes: to maintain international peace and security; to develop friendly relations among nations; to cooperate in solving international problems and in promoting respect for human rights;andtobeacentreforharmonisingtheactionsofnations. TheUNisnotaworldgovernmentanditdoesnotmakelaws.Itdoes,however,providethemeansto helpresolveinternationalconflictsandformulatepoliciesonmattersaffectingallofus.AttheUN,all theMemberStateslargeandsmall,richandpoor,withdifferingpoliticalviewsandsocialsystems,have avoiceandavoteinthisprocess. TheGeneralAssemblyisthemaindeliberativeorganoftheUNandiscomposedofrepresentativesofall Member States. There are a number of committees (for example, one related to the peaceful use of outerspace),programsandfunds,andresearchandtraininginstitutes,aswellasotherUNentities. The Security Council has primary responsibility, under the UN Charter, for the maintenance of international peace and security. It consists of five permanent members and ten non‐permanent members;thenon‐permanentmemberseachholdthepositionforoneyear.AnumberofUNbodies, includingtheDepartmentofPeacekeepingOperations,theCounter‐terrorismCommittee,theSanctions Committee,andanumberofadhoccommittees,reportdirectlytotheSecurityCouncil. The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), established by the UN Charter, is the principal organ coordinating the economic, social and related work of the United Nations and its specialised agencies and institutions. It also operates the International Narcotics Control Board. Voting in ECOSOC is by simplemajorityofallmembers;eachmemberhasonevote.

The Trusteeship Council, which comprises the five permanent members of the Security Council, was established in 1945 by the UN Charter to provide international supervision for 11 Trust Territories placedundertheadministrationofsevenMemberStates,andtoensurethatTerritorieswereprepared for self‐government and independence. By 1994, all Trust Territories had attained self‐government or independence. TheInternationalCourtofJustice,locatedatTheHagueintheNetherlands,istheprincipaljudicialorgan oftheUnitedNations.Composedof15judgeselectedtonine‐yeartermsofofficebytheUnitedNations GeneralAssemblyandtheSecurityCouncil,theCourt’sroleistosettle,inaccordancewithinternational law,legaldisputessubmittedtoitbyStatesandtogiveadvisoryopinionsonlegalquestionsreferredto itbyauthorisedUnitedNationsorgansandspecialisedagencies.

Questions1‐6 Lookatthefollowingstatements(questions1‐6)andthelistofUNresponsibilities. Matcheachstatementwiththecorrectresponsibility,A‐C.Writethecorrectletter,A‐C,besidethe statement. NBYoumayuseanylettermorethanonce.

1. Providinglegalassistanceinseveralareas

.....................................

2. Peaceandsecurityissues

.....................................

3. Draftinglaws

.....................................

4. Non‐militaryspaceissues

.....................................

5. Coordinationofsocialissues

.....................................

6. Establishinggovernments

.....................................

UNresponsibilities A.Theresponsibilitiesoforganscomposedofallmembers B.Theresponsibilitiesoforganscomposedofsomemembers C.NotaUNresponsibility

EXTRAPRACTICE2 Readthepassagebelowandcompletetheexercisesthatfollow

MapWars Anymapoftheworldexpressesapointofview.Acorrectmodeloftheearthisasphere–oranellipsoid ifyouwishtobeprecise.Photographsoftheearthfromspaceprovidedcomfortingreassuranceonthat point.Andifyouwishtosensetherelativepositionsofcontinentsandoceansyoushouldgooutand buyyourselfa*globeandtwirlitaround. Butaglobecannotbepinnedtoawallorprintedinamagazine.Forthatyouneedatwo‐dimensional representation.Thisiswheretheproblemsstartsinceyoucannotprojectthree‐dimensionalinformation onto a flat plane without making certain assumptions. The arguments between cartographers mostly concernwhatthoseassumptionsshouldbe. Thesimplesttwo‐dimensionalrepresentationisa'cylindrical'projection–whatyougetbywrappinga sheet of paper around a globe and simply transferring the information across. This means it indicates truenorthandsouth.SoNewfoundlandisdirectlynorthofVenezuelaanditappearsthatwayonthe map. East and west similarly are also indicated correctly. Such a map demonstrates what is called 'fidelityofaxis'. Oneofthelongest‐livedcylindricalprojectionswasbasedontheneedsofsixteenthcenturynavigators. GerhardKremer,aFlemishmathematician,producedhisviewoftheworldin1569.'Kremer'translates to'merchant'inEnglishand'mercator'inLatin.AndtheMercatorprojectionsurvivestothisdayinmany booksandmaps. Mercator'sprojectionoftheworldalsoshowsintermediatecompassdirectionslikenorth‐westmoreor lessaccurately.SoitispossibletoconcludefromhismapthatBrazilissouth‐westofLiberiaandifyou plot a course in that direction you will eventually arrive at your destination. No wonder it was appreciatedbytheearlyexplorers!Ifitcanbeusedinthiswayamapissaidtohave'fidelityofangle'. But fidelity of angle is only achieved at a cost. To make it work, the further away you get from the equator,thefurtherapartyouhavetomovethehorizontallinesoflatitude.Asthesedistancesincrease sodothesizesofthecountriesunderneaththem.SobythetimeyougettotheNorthorSouthPolesthe lines would be drawn infinitely far apart and the Arctic and Antarctic regions can scarcely be represented at all since they would be infinitely large. More importantly the relative sizes of intermediateareasarecompletelydistorted;SouthAmericaseemssmallerthanEuropewhereasinfact it is twice the size. These changes in scale distort both the size and shape of countries. Given such defects,itissurprisingthattheMercatorprojectionhassurvivedsolong,especiallyasdozensofother more satisfactory projections have appeared since. One of the best known of these is the Aitoff projectionof1889,whichattemptedtorepresentcountrysizesandshapesmorecorrectly.Buttodoso requiredacompromise–thelinesoflatitudeandlongitudehadtobe'bent'.Fidelityofaxishadthus beenlostandyoucouldnolongerjudgenorth,south,eastandwestsoeasily.Mostofus,however,did notnoticethattheseprojectionsweredifferentfromMercator.Weassumedthatallmapsweresimply factualstatements. Dr.ArnoPeters,aGermanhistorian,wasirritatedbythemapshesawwidelypublished,particularlyby the survival of Mercator which he argued, gave a euro‐centric view of the world. It shrank the

developingcountriessincemostofthesearearoundtheequator,anditexpandedtherichercountries since they lay further north. Even the equator itself is shown two thirds of the way down on the traditionalMercatormap.Dr.Petersinsistedthathismap,whichfirstappearedin1985,hasequal‐area projection so that no country is given prominence over another, plus fidelity of axis to avoid the disorientatingeffectofbentlinesoflatitudeandlongitude. Thenthereisthequestionofcountryshape.Ifyouweretotakeaphotoofa*globeinitsnormalposition youwouldfindthecountriesaroundtheequatorlikeZaireorEcuadorcameoutofitprettywell.They wouldbeshownrelativelylargeandwithsomethingclosetotheircorrectshape.Butfurthernorthor south there are considerable distortions: Australia tails away alarmingly. Dr. Peters decided that the minimumdistortionsshouldoccurnotattheequatorbutatthe45degreelinesoflatitude,astheseare muchmorepopulatedareas.However,thiscontroversialPetersmapdoesradicallychangetheshapeof bothAfricaandSouthAmerica;andalthoughallprojectionsdistorttosomeextent,itisclearthatAfrica appearsexceptionallylongandthinonthePetersmap.ButtheoddityofthePetersprojectionisatleast partlyresponsibleforitssuccess,astherehasbeenwidespreaddiscussiononthemisrepresentationof country sizes in previous maps. The issues which the Peters map raises are relatively simple. If you decideyouwantanequalareamapwithfidelityofaxisyouwillalwaysgetsomethingresemblingthe Petersprojection.Ifyoudecidethatshapeismoresignificantyouwillgetsomethingelse. TherealvalueofthePetersprojectionisthatithasmadetheworldthinkaboutsomethingthatbefore wasnevertakenseriously:thatmapsoftheworldrepresentapointofviewjustasdopressarticlesor TV programmes or photographs. But it isn't recommended that you navigate a '747' round the world withthePetersprojectionorwithanyothersingleglobalprojection–theywouldallleadyouastray! Questions1‐4 Completethesummary.Chooseyouranswersfromtheboxbelowthesummary.Therearemorewords thanyouwillneedtofillthegaps. For four centuries, map makers have been trying to convert three‐dimensional information as accurately as possible onto a two‐dimension. However, each method of 1 .......................................... involvesacompromise.ThusMercator'sprojectionindicatestruenorthandsouth,knownasfidelityof 2……………………………………………,butmisrepresentstherelativesizeofcountries.Toavoidthisdistortion, other cartographers rounded the lines of latitude and longitude. Dr. Peters felt that such maps presentedafirst‐world3……………………………………………..Hismap,withequalareaprojection,enablesus to4……………………………………………...thesizeofonecountrywithanother. ListofWords axis

judge

perspective

estimate

angle

compare

map

distances

accurately

direction

projection

models

size

change

Questions5‐9 UsetheinformationinthetexttomatchthemapprojectionsA‐Cwiththecharacteristicslistedbelow. NB You may use any letter more than once. A.Mercatorprojection B.Aitoffprojection C.Petersprojection Answer Example:designedfortheneedsofearlynavigators

5. makesEuropeseemlargerthanitis

......................

6. maximumdistortionsatthepoles

......................

7. maintainsgreatestaccuracyat45degreeslatitude

......................

8. mostdistortsthepositionoftheequator

......................

9. moreaccuratelyrepresentscountryshapesandsizes

......................

LISTENING SECTION

FORM COMPLETION OBJECTIVES: Afterthislesson,youshouldbeabletodotheIELTSListening–Formcompletionquestiontype. STRATEGIES: DESCRIPTION  

 

Targetedskills:listeningforspecificfactualdetails. Youaregivenaform(e.g.membershipregistration,tourbooking,claimform,etc.)and areaskedtofillinthegapswithfactualdetails(e.g.names,phonenumber),usingupto threewordsand/oranumberfromtherecording. Contractedwordswillnotbetested. Hyphenatedwordscountassinglewords.

ACTIONPLAN 1. Readtheinstructionscarefullyandcheckthewordlimit. 2. Lookatthetitleoftheformandtheavailableinformation,anddecidewhattheformis about. 3. Notetheorderofthequestions. 4. Lookatthegapsandanyheadingsanddecidewhattypeofinformationisrequired(e.g. partofspeech(noun,verb),typeofwords(anumber,anemail,etc.). 5. Underline/highlightthekeywordsaroundeachgapandusethesetohelpyoulistenfor theanswer.Thinkofpossibleparaphrases/synonymsofthewordsasyoumighthear themintherecording. 6. Asyoulisten,completetheform. REMEMBER  Youcanwritenumbersinwordsorfigures,butnoticehowmanywordsand/ornumbers youcanwrite.  Section1istheonlysectionwhereanexamplehasbeendoneforyouandapartofthe recording isplayedtwice.  Beawareoftraps: o Correction: The speaker may give some false information, then he/she will correct him/herself(e.g.“WellIthinkitwouldbe$6.Ohno,mymistake.It’sonly$4) o Distraction:Thespeakermaygivesimilarinformationtothegap.(e.g.Thegapisabout a student’smobilephonenumber,butthespeakeralsotalksabout his/her parents’ phonenumber)it’simportanttopayattentiontowho/whatisbeingtalkedabout. 69

MODELPRACTICE

Questions 1-10 Completethenotesbelow. WriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSAND/ORANUMBERforeachanswer.

NOTESONEXHIBITION Example

Answer

TitleofExhibition:Robot:theendofmoderncivilization Twofree:

1…………………………………

Day(s)exhibitionfull:

2…………………………………

Dayschosenbycaller:

3…………………………………and…………………………………

Referencenumber:

4…………………………………

Eatingfacilities 

15restaurants



Including5…………………………………cafés



Localrestaurantsputtingon6…………………………………

Accommodation 

HallsofResidence£30anight



Hotelsfromabout£30toapproximately7£…………………………………

TransportLinks



Withinwalkingdistanceofthestationand8…………………………………fromtheairport



Itispossibletocatchbusnumber9…………………………………



Ataxicostsnomorethan10£…………………………………

Example:moderncivilization.Theblankgoesaftertheword“of”,soitshouldbeanoun. Question1.daypasses.Theblankgoesafter“twofree”,soitshouldbeanouninitsplural form. Modelscript M=Marcus; C=Customer M: Goodmorning,exhibitionbookingoffice.Marcusspeaking.CanIhelpyou? C: Isthatthebookingcentrefor'Robots:theendofmoderncivilization?'(Example) M: Yesmadam,that'scorrect.HowcanIhelpyou? C: Well,mmm...I'mattendingtheexhibitionandI'djustliketocheckafewdetailsif that'sOK. M: Yes,sure. C: OK.IunderstandtheexhibitionopenstheweekafternextontheTuesday,and...the previewisonMonday. M: Yes,that'sright.ThereisapreviewonMonday,buttheexhibitionisnotopentothe generalpubliconthatday.Butfortherestoftheweekitis. C: OK.Isee.That'sfine.I'vegottwocomplimentarydaypassesfortheexhibition;can youtellmeifIcanusethe ticketsonanyday?

EXTRAPRACTICE

EXTRAPRACTICE1 SECTION 1 Questions1‐10 Completethenotesbelow. WriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDS/ANDORANUMBERforeachanswer.

School Trip Information Example

Answer

Nameofclub:

InternationalFriendshipClub

Tripto: Country–1.................................. Accommodationarrangements: Studentswillnotbebythemselves–studentsstaywithfamilies2.................................. Cost:£495 Duration:3..................................days Priceexcludingpresentsforthehostfamilyand4.................................. Takesplaceduringspring5.................................. Advertreleasedon6.................................. Afterapplicationisreceived7..................................necessary Numberofstudentsontrip:8.................................. Totalnoofadults:six Including:9..................................parents Deposit:10£..................................

EXTRAPRACTICE2 Questions1‐4 Completethenotesbelow. WritenomorethanONEWORDAND/ORANUMBERforeachanswer.

NOTES ON VOLUNTEERING Example

Answer

Event:

Charity

Venue:

1…………………………………HallFriday

Days

toSunday

Dates:

15th–17th2…………………………………

OpeningTime:

10a.m.

Closingtime:

3…………………………………p.m.

Typeofhelpersnow

4…………………………………

required: Questions5‐8 Completetheformbelow. WritenomorethanONEWORDAND/ORANUMBERforeachanswer.

Name:

Andrea5…………………………………

Address:

906…………………………………Mansions, 62ParkAvenue,London,SW14PQ

Telephone:

7…………………………………

Telephoneinthe:

8…………………………………

Questions9and10 ChooseTWOletters,A‐E WhichTWOtypesofpeoplearementionedasdesirable? A B C D E

adventurous inflexible punctual friendly sporty

FLOWCHART COMPLETION OBJECTIVES: Afterthislesson,youshouldbeabletodotheIELTSListening–FlowchartCompletionquestiontype. STRATEGIES: DESCRIPTION  Targetedskill:followingthestages/stepsofaprocess/sequence.  Youaregivenaflowchartthatsummarizesaprocess/event/sequencewithclearstages,with thedirectionoftheprocessshownbyarrows.  Youareaskedtocompletetheflowchartbywritinguptothreewordsand/oranumberin thegaps.  Youmustcompletethetask,usingtheexactwordstakenfromtherecording. ACTIONPLAN 1. 2. 3. 4.

Readtheinstructionscarefullyandcheckthewordlimit. Readthetitleoftheflowchartandthestepsinittohaveaquickunderstandingofthetopic. Notehowthesequenceworks(i.e.theorderofthesteps). Underlinethekeywordsineachstep.Thinkofpossibleparaphrase/synonymsforthesekey words. 5. Decidewhattypeofwordsisneededtofillineachgap(partofspeech- e.g.noun, adjective); possibleanswer(e.g.aconcept,apart,aplace,aname,etc.) 6. Asyoulisten,  focuswhenyouhearthekeywordsofeachstep.Then,fillintheblanksusingthe informationfromstep5.  noticewhenthespeakermovesfromonesteptoanother.Youcandothisbypaying attentionto thekeywordsineachsteporthesequencewordsthatthespeakeruses. COMMONSEQUENCEINDICATORS    

Shortpause Adverbs:firstly,initially,secondly,next,then,afterthat,finally,etc. Verbs:start,end,continue,follow,moveon,etc. Phrases:thestepafterthisis,nowmovingontothenext,afterthiscomes/is,asyoucansee, thenextstage/stepis,etc.

MODELPRACTICE

Questions 1 - 5 Listen and complete the sentences. WriteONEWORDforeachanswer. GETTINGABOOKPUBLISHED Step1 Prepare1…………………………………withsynopsis(optional)andsample2………………………………

Step2 Findexperienced3…………………………………….

1. proposal Keywords:

Step3 Forwardmanuscriptto‘Acquisitions’

Step1/prepare/ withsynopsis. Step1=Thefirst step

Step4 SendtoPublications4…………………………………Committee

prepare=develop

Step5 Receive5…………………………………

Step6 Publishbook

Modelscript DarrenMiller:Goodevening,everyone.Well,thismightcomeasasurprisetoyou,butthefirststepin theprocessforgettingabookpublishedisnotactuallywritingthebook.Surprised?Well,whatyouhave to understand is that publishers have an established procedure to be followed because they are inundatedwithbooks,manuscriptsandideasallthetime.Thefirststep,really,ifyouwanttoensure success,istodevelopaproposalwiththebasicideaforabook.Ifyou'rewritinganovel,thenyoucould includeasynopsis. 75

EXTRAPRACTICE

EXTRAPRACTICE1 SECTION4 Questions31–35 Completethesentencesbelow. WriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSORANUMBERforeachanswer. Recyclingisprincipallytheresponsibilityof31………………………… Thesecondstageinthecyclerelatestoacquiring32…………………………ingeneral Harvestingincludescuttingdowntreesand33………………………… Chemicalprocessescreate34………………………… Asignificantproportionofthe35…………………………stageisunnecessary. Questions36–40 Completetheflowchart. WriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSORANUMBERforeachanswer. Packaging Aswellasmaintainingfreshnessandhygiene,packagingisused toprovide36…………………………

Distribution Transportationandenergyplayabigpart.

Productuse Weshouldavoidproductsintendedfor37…………………………only

Disposal Eveninalandfillsite,aproducthasa 38…………………………

Reuseandrecycle Papercanberecycledinto39………………………… Therecyclingofnewspapercansave 40…………………………trees

EXTRAPRACTICE2 SECTION4 Question31 Choosethecorrectletter,A‐C. 31. WhatdoesJohnUptoncompareacomputervirusto? A

Abiologicalorganism

Acorruptprogramme

Anirritatingperson

Questions32‐35 Completetheflowchart.WriteNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.

HISTORYOFCOMPUTERVIRUSES In 1949 32……………………………………… of virus was presented by JohnNeumann.

'Core33………………………………………game'wasdevelopedbyagroupof Americansfor34………………………………………oncomputers

Developmentofanew35…………………………………………inthe1980s

Birthofcomputervirus

Question36 Choosethecorrectletter,A‐C. 36. Whatdoesthespeakerfindsurprising? A

Theriseinthenumberofsoftwareinfections.

Thedeterminationofthosewhodevelopviruses.

Thefactthatpeopleblametheirowncomputers.

Questions37‐40 ListFOURwaysofcombatingviruses.WriteNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer. 37

……………………………………………………..

LABELLING A DIAGRAM OBJECTIVES: Afterthislesson,youshouldbeabletodotheIELTSListening–DiagramLabellingquestiontype. STRATEGIES:

DESCRIPTION 

Targetedskills:understandinginstruction/component/spatiallanguageand understandingofspecificpoints.



Youaregivenadescriptionofadiagramofsomesorts:atechnicaldrawingofamachine orinvention,somethingfromthenaturalworldoradesign,etc.



Youareaskedtofillinthegapsatpartsofthedescriptionsbyeither o writinguptothreewordsand/oranumber o pickingawordavailablefromaboxofoptions



Thegivendiagramcanbethatofapieceofequipment,machine,astructure, a system(e.g.a dam)

ACTIONPLAN Beforeyoulisten: 1. Readtheinstructionscarefullytochecktheworldlimit 2. Lookatthediagramtoseewhatitisaboutingeneral 3. Lookatthelabelsthatareprovided;theywillhelpyoulocatetheanswers 4. Lookatthepartsofthediagramtobelabelledanddecidewhatkindofinformationis neededtofillthegap,e.g.acomponent,aplace,aprocess,etc. o Noticetheshapesofthecomponentsthattheblanksreferto. o Noticetherelationshipbetweentheblanksandthegivenlabels(relativepositions, sequences,functions).

Asyoulisten: 5. Pay extra attention to expressions that indicate shapes (i.e rectangular, pipe–like, button) andpositionsofpartse.g.ontopofit,belowthispartis,totheleft,nextto,right beside, at the top of the structure, the functions of the components (this button is for turningoff theheater;youneedtopressthisbuttontoresetthe heater)etc.astheanswer may dependonyourunderstandingofthesewords. 6. Focuswhenthegivenlabelsappear. 7. Asyoulisten,writeyouranswerinthediagramasyouwilllistenonlyONCE. REMEMBER 

Unlikeamap,thereisnomarkindicatingthestartingpointonadiagram.Therefore, rememberthatquestionsofthistypeALWAYSfollowtheorder(question1willbe mentionedbeforequestion2andsoon).Onceyoucatchthekeywords/itemsofa question,payextraattention.



Ifyouaregivenaboxwithalistofwords,rememberthatmost,ifnotall,ofthesewill bementioned,althoughonlysomeofthemwillbeusedasanswers,andtheywillbe mentionedatrandomandwithoutanyorder.



Ifyoumissaquestion,andhearthespeakermentionthenextquestion,moveontothe nextquestion.Lingeringontheoneyou’vemissedonlyhurtsyourscoresmore.

MODELPRACTICE

Listentotherecordingandlabelthediagramofasolarheatingsystem. WriteNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer. Questions 1 - 5

Example:

Modelanswer:Blacksurface Inthelecture,thespeakermentionsradiationfromtheSun,thentheglass.Afterthat,she mentionsthesurfaceattheback(oftheglassasmentionedbefore),soyoushouldknowthat it’s time to fill in the blank. She also gives an additional information about the colour (this surfaceisblack),thensherepeatsthekeywordstheblacksurfaceoncemore. Modelscript …So how does it work? Well... energy from the Sun travels to the Earth in the form of radiation.(radiationfromthesun)Thiscanbe visibleradiation–whichisanotherwayof saying'light'.Wealsoreceiveinvisibleradiation,whichisknownasinfra‐red.Alotofthis radiationpassesthroughtheglassatthefrontofthesolarpanel–hereontheroof–andhits thesurfaceattheback.Thissurfaceisblack,becauseblackisgoodatabsorbingradiation, andsotheblacksurfacebecomeshot.

EXTRAPRACTICE

EXTRAPRACTICE1 Questions36‐40 WriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSforeachanswer.

EXTRAPRACTICE2 SECTION3 Questions21‐25 Completethetablebelow. WriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSforeachanswer.Youmayneedtochangetheformsofthe wordsyouhearsothatyouranswerswillbegrammaticallycorrect. VERTICALGARDENING Apresentationonverticalgardening PartII

21……………………………..twodomesticverticalgardens

PartIII

Reviewingmaterialon22…………………………………worksinEurope

PartsI&IV

• Describingthemovement'shistoryandexplainingits 23………………………………… • NotingPatrickBlanc'sinspirationby24………………………………… • Evaluatingverticalgardening.(Doesitprovidevisualrelieftocities, orisittoocostlywithconstant25…………………………………,polluting fertiliser,andunrecyclableparts?)

Questions26‐28 Labelthediagrambelow. ChooseTHREEanswersfromthebox,andwritethecorrectanswer,A‐E,nexttoquestions26‐ 28. A

Woodenbatten

PVCpanel

Mosquitorepellant

Matting

Supportingwall

Questions29‐30 Choose the correct letter,A,B,orC. 29. Overall,howdoesMarinafeelaboutverticalgardening? A Ratherskeptical B Keenwithreservations C Enthusiastic 30. TowhomdoesDavidthinkverticalgardeningwillmostlyappeal? A Bigbusinessesratherthanindividuals B Developedcountries C Peopleallovertheworld

MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE 1 OBJECTIVES: Afterthislesson,youshouldbeabletohandletheIELTSListening–Multiple‐choice questiontypewithonlyonepossibleanswerforeachquestion. STRATEGIES: DESCRIPTION 

Targetedskills: o detailedunderstandingofspecificpoints o overallunderstandingofthemainpointsofthelisteningtest  Inamultiplechoicequestion,youwillencountereitherofthefollowingtypes: o A question with three options (A, B, or C) from which you choose ONE correct answer(type1) o A question with four or more options from which you choose TWO OR MORE correctanswers(type2)  Forthefirsttypeofmultiplechoicequestion,youwillseeeitherofthefollowingwaysof wording: Aquestionfollowedby3possibleoptions Howwastheprojectfunded?

Theprojectwasfundedby

A B C

bythegovernment bytheuniversity byraisingmoney

thegovernment theuniversity raisingmoney

Anunfinishedstatementfollowedby3possibleendings

ACTIONPLAN Beforeyoulisten 1. Readtheinstructionscarefullytoseewhichtypethetaskis. 2. Read the stems (i.e the questions or unfinished statements) carefully and underline/circlethekeywords. 3. Paraphrase the question/statement in your own words; or think of some possible synonymsoftheunderlinedkeywords. 4. Readtheoptionsandunderlinethekeywords. 5. Paraphrasetheoptionsinyourownwords;orthinkofsomepossiblesynonymsofthe options. Whileyoulisten, 6. Focuswhenyouhearthekeywordsortheirparaphrase/near‐paraphrase. 7. Listencarefullytoseewhethertheoptionisdismissedorapprovedbythespeaker(s). 8. Correctanswersarethecorrectparaphraseofwhatissaidbythespeakers 9. Wronganswersusuallycontainideasthat 

arenotmentionedbythespeakers



arecontradictorytowhatissaidbythespeakers



are not the perfect meaning match with what is said by the speakers despite containingsomekeywords

REMEMBER a. Usually,thespeakerwillmentionalloftheoptionsbutsomeofthemareincorrect,so watchoutforTRAPS! Donotchooseanoptionjustbecauseyouhearawordfromit. Thinkofthewholephrase/meaninginawholesentenceinstead.(e.g.ifthespeakersays ‘Isawastrangeanimalstandingthereallbyitself’,answerchoice‘agroupofunusual animals’forthequestion‘Whatdidthespeakersee?’wouldbeincorrect.) b. Intype2whereyouhavetoselectTWOormoreoptions,(1)someoftheoptionsmight ormightnotbementioned,and(2)theoptionsmaynotfollowtheorderinwhichyou hearthemfromtherecording.

MODELPRACTICE1

Questions1–4 ChoosethecorrectanswerA,B,orCforeachquestion. 1. Wherearethespeakershavingthisdiscussion? A.alibrary B.astudentflat C.alecturetheatre 2. HowhasChloespentthemorning? A.drinkingcoffee B.training C.studying 3. AccordingtoBill,whatdoestheexperimentshow?

1. B Bill: No, of course not. I saw himwithapileofjournalsinthe libraryasIwalkedpast.  A. a library is a trap here because it was where Bill stayedinthepast. Bill: It was packed! There simply aren't enough seats in Theatre4–therewerepeopleon thestairs,peopleintheaisles–I don'timagineeverybodywasable togetin.  C.alecturetheatreisalso aTRAP!(pastevent)

A.Quantitiesofwaterarehardtomeasure. B.Childrenunderfivemakemanymistakes. C.Clearthinkingisdifficultforsmallchildren. 4. Bill'sassignmentisaboutthestagesinachild's A.emotionaldevelopment. B.mentaldevelopment. C.socialdevelopment.

Bill: No, of course not. I saw himwithapileofjournalsinthe library as I walked past. You haven'tseenhimbecauseyou've been in here in the kitchen drinking coffee all morning whereas he has been studying hard.  Keyword:kitchen=>a part of aflat

EXTRAPRACTICE

EXTRAPRACTICE1 Questions31‐35 ChoosethecorrectletterA,BorC. Cloud‐seedingtoproviderain 31. Boreholesprovidewaterfor A

industrialuse.

agriculturalpurposes.

domesticconsumption.

32. Accordingtothespeaker,inthepastpeoplehavetriedtoinducerainby A

supernaturalmeans.

usingfires.

specialdances.

33. Thereissomeproofthatseedingcloudsincreasesrainfallby A

15%.

55%.

25%.

34. Accordingtothespeaker,whydosomepeoplenotsupportcloudseeding? A

Thebenefitsofthepracticearelimited.

Thecostsoftheequipmentaretoogreat.

Theeffectsofplayingwithnatureareunknown.

35. Thecountrythatismostkeenoncloudseedingis

Russia.

China.

theUSA.

EXTRAPRACTICE2 Questions31‐37 Choosethecorrectletter,A,BorC

Thehistoryofmovingpictures 31. Somephotographsofahorserunningshowed A

allfeetofftheground.

atleastonefootontheground.

twofeetofftheground.

32. TheScotsmanemployedbyEdison A

designedasystemtousethetechnologyEdisonhadinvented.

usedavailabletechnologytomakeanewsystem.

wasalreadyanexpertinmotionpicturetechnology.

33. Onemajorproblemwiththefirstsystemwasthat A

onlyonepersoncouldbefilmed.

peoplecouldonlyseeveryshortfilms.

thecamerawasveryheavy.

34. RivalsystemsstartedtoappearinEuropeafterpeoplehad A

beentoldabouttheAmericansystem.

seentheAmericansystem.

usedtheAmericansystem.

35. In1895,afamousnewsystemwasdevelopedby A

aFrenchteamworkingalone.

aFrenchandGermanteamworkingtogether.

aGermanteamwhoinventedtheword'cinema'.

36. Longerfilmswerenotmadeatthetimebecauseofproblemsinvolving A

thesubjectmatter.

thecamera.

thefilmprojector.

37. The'LanthamLoop'inventionreliedon A

removingtensionbetweenthefilmreels.

addingthreemorefilmreelstothesystem.

makingoneofthefilmreelsmoreeffective

Questions38‐40 Completethesentencesbelow. WriteNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer. 38. ThefirstmotionpicturewascalledThe……………………………………… 39. ………………………………………wereusedforthefirsttimeonfilmin1926. 40. SubtitleswereaddedtoTheLightsofNewYorkbecauseofits………………………………………

MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE 2 OBJECTIVES: Afterthislesson,youshouldbeabletohandletheIELTSListening–Multiple‐choicequestion typewithtwoormorepossibleoptionsforeachquestion. STRATEGIES: DESCRIPTION 



Targetedskills: o detailedunderstandingofspecificpoints o overallunderstandingofthemainpointsofthelisteningtest Inamultiplechoicequestion,youwillencountereitherofthefollowingtypes: o A question with three options (A, B, or C) from which you choose ONE correct answer(type1) o A question with four or more options from which you choose TWO OR MORE correctanswers(type2)

This lesson focuses on the second type of multiple choice questions.

arenotmentionedbythespeakers



arecontradictorytowhatissaidbythespeakers



are not the perfect meaning match with what is said by the speakers despite containingsomekeywords

MODELPRACTICE

Questions1‐3 ChooseTHREElettersA–G. What topics must the assignment cover? A.zoofinances B.publicsafety C.thehistoryofzoos D.animalwelfare E.educationandzoos F.zoosforscience G.valueformoney Questions4and5 ChooseTWOlettersA–E. Which areas do the students decide to concentrate their efforts on? A.science B.history C.entertainment

Questions 1‐3: one possible answer is C – the historyofzoos. Notes: There is a trap here as Adrian said: “I didn'tthinkwehadtodothat”.However,Brenda confirmedthat“Wedefinitelyneedtocoverit” Modelscript Brenda: Well,that'sgreat.Whathaveyou foundoutaboutzoos? Charles: I'vebeenlookingintothehistory, both of zoos and of keeping animalsgenerally. Adrian: Ididn'tthinkwehadtodothat. (trap) Brenda: Yes, it was one of the topics we had to research. We definitely need to cover it, even if only briefly, I think. After all, people havekeptanimalsforrecreation and pleasure for centuries. The ancientEgyptianskeptcollections of animals, and of course the Romans kept animals for recreation. (“animals” is a distractor)

D.conservation E.education

EXTRAPRACTICE

EXTRAPRACTICE1 SECTION3 Question21 ChoosethecorrectletterA,BorC. 21. Zahra'stalkisonelectronicgadgetsthatpeople A

findveryannoyingtohavetolistento.

boughtintherecentpast.

feeltheyhavetocarrywiththem.

Questions22‐24 ChooseTHREEletters,A‐F. WhichTHREEofthefollowingelementsofconductingZahra'sresearcharementionedasnotyet decided?

lengthofthequestionnaire

picturestouse

volumeofdata

durationofinterviews

periodofresearch

ageofinterviewees

whattoshow

Questions25‐30 Completethetablebelow. WriteNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSAND/ORANUMBERforeachanswer.

Questionnaireongadgets Tim’selectronicgadgets Mobile

Use Excludingphoningmainlyforsending 

texts



25………………………………

Score 10

Laptop

Typingassignmentsand26……………………………… 27…………………

iPod

Justlisteningtomusic

28…………………

Futurenewspaperreader

Eventuallyfor29………………………………

30…………………

EXTRAPRACTICE2 Questions11 and 12 Completethesentencesbelow,writeNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer. 11. Theassemblyplaceisa...........................nearIslandLakeRecreationArea. 12. Inordertopulltheircanoesfrominsidevans,theyuse............................

Questions13‐15 ChooseTHREEletters,A‐F. WhichTHREEequipmentsarerequired? A

acanoeunder£500

ahardhelmet

hardrocks

awetsuit

abathingsuit

alifejacket

Questions16‐20 Completethetablebelow.WriteNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer. THEJOYOFCANOEING

ForFitness

Goodtoheartsandlungs;buildstrengthand16........................... Not only an upper‐body workout, but also a 17........................... exercise

ForRelaxation

Describedas18...........................forthesoul.

EncounteringNature Getcloseto19...........................,likedeerandbirds. 20...........................bycanoeisalsoenjoyable.

Asawhole,itisanattractiveexerciseforthosewholoveadventures.

LABELLING A MAP OR PLAN STRATEGIES: DESCRIPTION 

 



Targetedskills: o understandingofdirection/instruction/sequentialandspatiallanguage o understandingofspecificpoints. Youaregivenadescriptionofamap/planofsomesorts. Youareaskedtofillinthegapsatpartsofthedescriptionbyeither: o writinguptothreewordsand/oranumber o pickingawordavailablefromaboxofoptions Thegivenmap/plancanbethatofafloorplan,amapofatown,zoo,orpark,orasetof pictures.

ACTIONPLAN Beforeyoulisten: 1. Lookatthemaporplantoformageneral ideaofthecontent. 2. Look at the gaps on the map or plan you need to label and decide what kinds of wordsareneeded. 3. Noticetheavailablelabelsoftheplan/map and use them to develop a mental guide aboutthelocationalrelationshipsbetween thoselabelsandthegaps(E.g:Aisopposite toB;CisadjacenttoD)

SOMETIMES,YOUWILLSEETHE FOLLOWINGIMAGEINTHISTYPE OFTASK

Keepthismentalshortcutinmind. East:Right West:Left North:Above South:Below

Asyoulisten: 4. Make sure to look for “where you are” on the map at the beginning of the directions/instructions 5. Followtheinstructionsandfocuswhenavailablelabelsarementioned 6. Payextraattentiontoexpressionsoflocationsuchasinthemiddle,onthecorner,next to,above/below,straightahead,etc.astheanswermaydependonyourunderstanding ofthesewords.

7. Use the information from the analysis in step 3 (positional relationship between the givenlabelsandtheblanks)todecideontheanswers 8. Asyoulisten,writeyouranswerinthemapasyouwilllistenONCEonly. REMEMBER Ifyoulosetrackinthemiddleoftherecording,don’tpanic!Youcantrytocatchthenextgiven labelcomingupandrestartfromthatpointoftheplan.

MODELPRACTICE

Questions11–15 Lookattheplanoftheholidayvillagebelow.ChooseFIVEanswersfromtheboxandwritethe correctletter,A–F,nexttoquestions11–15.

Number11istheonlyplace“bytheentrance”

SeaBreezerestaurantandbar

barbecuearea

children’splayarea

shop

maincarpark

overflowcarpark

Modelscript 11. E Sorrytostartwiththis,butwe'veseenquitea fewcarsparkedontheroadleadingtothetown today.Pleasenotethatguestsshouldparktheir carsinthedesignatedareabythemain entrance

EXTRAPRACTICE

EXTRAPRACTICE1 Questions1–7 Listentopartofarecordingandlabeltheplan.WritethecorrectletterA – Gnexttoquestions1 – 7below.

100

1. Visitors’parking

………………………

2. Pedestriancrossing

………………………

3. Trafficcalming

………………………

4. Trafficsigns

………………………

5. Newflatsandoffices

………………………

6. Newfence

………………………

7. Garden

………………………

EXTRAPRACTICE2 SECTION 2 Questions11‐16 Choosethecorrectletter,A,BorC. 11. Whatwillwakepeopleupinthehomeofthefuture? A Bodytemperature B Thesoundofanalarmclock C Themovementofthebed 12. Whatwillshoesbeabletodobythemselves? A Walkfaster B Playmusic C Floatonair 13. Whatkindofclotheswillpeoplebewearing? A Clothesthatmakeusmoreintelligent B Clothesthatcaninterprethowwearefeeling C Clothesthatarepoweredbyelectricity 14. Whatcanthehousedo? A Controltheshowertemperature B Turnoffthetaps C Washyourback 15. WhatwilltheInternetbeabletodo? A Understandwhenyouareworried B Projectwhat'sinyourfridge C Helpfindsomethingyou'velost 16. Whatwillthefridgedowhenpeoplearelowonmilk? A Deliverthemilk B Sendanemailtotheshop C Defrostsomeinthefreezer

101

Questions17‐20 Labelthemapbelow. Writethecorrectletter,A‐F,nexttoquestions17‐20.

Thelivingroomofthefuture

17.

television

…………………

18.

temperaturecontrol

…………………

19.

bookcase

…………………

20.

computerkeyboard

…………………

102

NOTE COMPLETION (IN SECTION 4) OBJECTIVES: Afterthislesson,youshouldbeabletohandletheIELTSListening–notecompletionquestion type. STRATEGIES: DESCRIPTION 

Targetedskills:listeningforspecificfactualdetails.



Insection4oftheListeningtest,youareusuallygivenanotewith10questions.Youhave tolistentoalecture/talkonacertainacademictopic,andcompletethenotesbyfillingin thegapswithwordstakendirectlyfromthelecture/talk.Youcanwriteuptothreewords and/oranumber.



Sometimes,therewillbe2typesofquestions(e.g.formcompletionandmultiplechoice).



There will be no break in between the 10 questions. You have to listen to answer questions31to40continuously.



Youcompletethenoteswiththewordsyouhearontherecording.Notesmaynotfollow standardgrammaticalrulesorlayout,e.g.theremaybearticlesorauxiliaryverbsmissing; orthenotesmaybeintheformatofalistwithbulletpoints.

ACTIONPLAN Beforeyoulisten 1. Readtheinstructionscarefullyandcheckthewordlimit. 2. Lookatthelayoutofthetask,e.g.bulletpointsorcontinuousnotes,andquicklydevelop amentalnotesforeverymainidea/section. 3. Think of possible transition between these ideas/sections. Usually, this will be a paraphraseofthemainpointinboldaccompaniedbyatransitionmarker.(E.g.ifthemain pointisaboutthehabitatofbear,it’slikelythatthetransitionwillbe“[shortpause]Now, thebearlivesonastringofislands…”)

103

4. Read the contents of the notes carefully. Underline/highlight/circle the keywords, especially the ones near the gaps. Think of possible paraphrases/synonyms of those keywords,foryoumighthearthemintherecording. 5. Look at the gaps and predict what type of information is needed (Noun? Adjective? Place? Time?) Note whether there is more than one gap for any of the questions. Sometimes,youhavetocompletetwogapstogetonecorrectanswer. Asyoulisten, 6. Listenforkeywordsorparaphrasedwordsthathavethesamemeaningsasthekeywords underlinedandtakedowntheneededinformation 7. Becarefuloryoumaymisstheflowofinformation.Inthatcase,youneedtomoveonto thenextquestionandwaitforthespeaker.Don’toverthinkthegapsthatyoucannot fillinbecausetheywillmakeyouconfused. REMEMBER 

Youwillbegiven1minutetoprepareforsection4.Useitwisely.Youmayunderlineall thenecessarykeywordsandpredictsomepossibleanswers.



Thenoteswillmostofthetimesbelaidoutinveryclearstructure:title,boldheadings, andbulletpoints(withexamples)foreachideaspoken.Whenthespeakermovestothe nextidea,therewillalwaysbeindicators:shortpause/paraphraseofboldheadings/ transitions.Payextraattentionwhenyouhearsuchsignsfromthespeaker.



104

Ifyoumissagap,moveontothenext.

MODELPRACTICE

Question31–40 Completethenotesbelow: WriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSforeachanswer.

THEURBANLANDSCAPE Twoareasoffocus: • theeffectofvegetationontheurbanclimate

31. cities/environment 32. windy

• waysofplanningour31……………………better Large‐scaleimpactoftrees: • theycanmakecitiesmoreorless32…………………… • insummertheycanmakecitiescooler • theycanmakeinlandcitiesmore33…………………… Localimpactoftrees: • theycanmakelocalareas – more34…………………… – cooler – morehumid – lesswindy – less35…………………… Comparing trees and buildings Temperatureregulation: • treesevaporatewaterthroughtheir36…………………… • buildingsurfacesmayreachhightemperatures

105

Windforce: • tallbuildingscausemorewindat37……………………level • trees38……………………thewindforce Noise: • treeshaveasmalleffectontrafficnoise • 39……………………frequencynoisepassesthroughtrees Importantpointstoconsider: • treesrequirealotofsunlight,waterand40……………………togrow

Notes: Question31shouldbeanounbecauseofthewordour.Keywords:ways/planning/our/ better Question32shouldbeanadjectivebecauseofthewordsmoreorless.Keywords:make cities/moreorless Modelscript Good day, ladies and gentlemen. I have been asked today to talk to you about the urban landscape.TherearetwomajorareasthatIwillfocusoninmytalk:howvegetationcanhave asignificanteffectonurbanclimate,andhowwecanbetterplanourcitiesusingtreesto provideamorecomfortableenvironmentforustolivein. Treescanhaveasignificantimpactonourcities.Theycanmakeacity,asawhole,abitless windyorabitmorewindy,ifthat'swhatyouwant.

106

EXTRAPRACTICE

EXTRAPRACTICE1 Questions31‐40 Completethenotesbelow. WriteNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSAND/ORANUMBERforeachanswer. GeneralHistory • TheAztecempireexistedbetweenthe31……………………………………century. • The32……………………………………ofAztecwasinthecentreofthemodernMexicoCity. Food • ThestaplefoodoftheAztecempirewas33……………………………………whichhasbeen domesticatedforthousandsofyears,andspreadtotherestoftheworldfromMexico. • 34……………………………………andsquasharealsopartoftheAztecdiet. Clothing • TheclothingoftheAztecwasdiversebasedondifferent35…………………………………… • Aztecclothesweregenerallymadeofimportedcottonorayatefiber. • TheAztecswereabletocreatebeautifulcoloursusingalotof36…………………………………… Education • Girlswereinstructedaboutcooking,caringforafamily,37……………………………………andways toeconomicallyrunthehome. • Boys,however,learnedtrades,fightingskillsand38……………………………………skills. Religion • TheAztecswenttotemplesto39……………………………………andprayandsendtheirtribute. • Thetributeincludednotonlyagriculturalproducebutalso40……………………………………goods

107

EXTRAPRACTICE2 Questions31‐40 Completethenotesbelow. WriteNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSAND/ORANUMBERforeachanswer.

FACTSHEETABOUTCORALS Nature'ssignificantcreations: Over31...………………………………..seaspeciesandhumansdependoncoralreefs. Formation: EachApril,coralpolypsreleaseeggs,whichwilltakerooton32…………………………………..and growup. Habitats: Coralreefsonlyliveinclear,33…………………………………..andsaltwaters. Tropicalareasareidealbecauseoftheperfect34………………………………….. Threats: • 11%ofthereefshavebeenlostand35…………………………………..aredamagedbythenatural disasterin1998. • Oneofthegreatestthreatscomesfrom36…………………………………..ordevelopment. • 37…………………………………..causesthedecreaseofreeffish. • Coralsaresoldas38…………………………………..inmanyshops. • Theleakof39…………………………………..bylargevesselsdamagescorals. Naturalfactors: Hurricanescause40…………………………………..,whichbreakthecoralsapart.

108

MATCHING OBJECTIVES: Afterthislesson,youshouldbeabletohandletheIELTSListening–Matchingquestiontype STRATEGIES: DESCRIPTION  Targetedskills: o identifyingtherightspeakeroutofanumberofspeakers(2to4speakers) o understandingspecificpoints.  You are given a list of statements/phrases/features (these are questions and are usually labelledwithnumbers1,2,3,etc.)andaboxofitems/words/phrases(options, marked withletters,A,B,C,etc.).  You are asked to match the question to its corresponding option, using the letter indicatingthatoption.  Theremaynotbeamatchforeveryiteminthebox,andyoumayneedtousesomeitems intheboxmorethanonce.Inthatcase,therewillbeanotethatsay“NB:Youmayuse anylettermorethanonce.”  Similarly,theremightbemoreitems/optionsthanquestions,soyousometimeshaveto selectonlyafewoftheoptionsinthebox. ACTIONPLAN Beforeyoulisten 1. Readtheinstructionscarefullyandcheckwhetheryoucanuseanylettermorethanonce. 2. Readthelistofoptionsintheboxcarefully.Underlinethekeywordsforeachoption. 3. Thinkofpossibleparaphrase/synonymsoftheunderlinedkeywordsfromtheseoptions. Asyoulisten: 4. Matchtheparaphrasedoptionstothecorrectquestions 5. Listentillthespeakerfinisheshis/herideas(usuallyindicatedbyashortpause,achange ofthespeaker,ortransitionmarkers)

109

REMEMBER  Sometimes,therewillbeageneralquestionatthestartofthetest,whichindicatesthe contentofthematchingtask.Youshouldalsonoticethekeywordsinthisquestionasit sometimeshelpsyoueliminatewronganswers E.g Where,atpresent,aretherefacilitiesforthefollowingsports? A.intheSportsCenter 7. tabletennis………B………… B.elsewhereintheUniversity 8. swimming…………C…………. C.inthecity

Adam:

Sowhataboutthemainsportsfacilitiesthemselves?Whatdoweneedforour SportsCentre?

Emma:

Wellwedon'tneedarugbypitchbecausethere'salreadyoneonthecampus.The sameistrueoftabletennis,really–mostofthehallsofresidenceforstudents havetheirowntables.

Adam

Agreed.Somethingnoneofthemhave,though,isanysortofpool.Alotof studentshavecomplainedaboutthis,sayingtheyhavetotakeabusdowntownif theywanttogoforaswim.

Emma:

Sure,let’splanoneforthenewSportsCenter

 



Notalltheitems/optionswillbeused,butit’sverylikelythatall(ormost)ofthemwillbe mentioned.Therefore,listencloselyuntilthespeakerfinisheshis/herturns. Theoptionsmightbementionedatrandomplaces,butthequestionswillALWAYSfollow theorder(thestatement/personofquestion1willALWAYSbementionedbeforethatof question2andsoon).Thus,listencloselyeverytimewhenthestatement/personofeach questionismentioned. Skipaquestiononceyou’vemissedit.Lingeringthereonlydiffuseyourfocusontheother questions.

USEFULTRANSITIONMARKERS  Shortpause  Changeofintonation/emotion  Change of topic: anyway; by the way; wait, have you heard about; I also wonder…; speakingof[something];doyouknowabout…  Change of speaker: what about you? What about [thing A] that you do…?  another speakertakingturn

110

MODELPRACTICE

Questions1–6 Whichofthewritersexpressedthefollowingconcerns? Writethecorrectletter,A,BorC,nexttoQuestions1–6. A

Condorcet

Muller

Smith

Subjects 1. Richpeoplecouldescapefinancialresponsibilitytotheirowncountrybytravelling.……… 2. Financiersmightfeellessresponsibilitytothecommunitytheyliveinthanfarmers.……… 3. Theglobaleconomymighthaveanimpactontheenvironment.

………

4. Peoplecaremoreaboutlocalissuesthaninternationalones.

………

5. Aconcernaboutthewaythatargumentsacrossdifferentbordersmightbesettled.……… 6. Aneedexistsforequaltradingopportunitiesforbothrichandpoor.

………

1. C ModelScript In1776,AdamSmithwroteofthepotentialproblemfacedbycountriesifwealthypeople couldinvesttheirmoneyininternationalstocksandshares.Hisconcernwasthatsuchpeople couldavoidtaxesaltogetherbybecominga'citizenoftheworld'andabandoningtheirown country,therebyreducingtherevenue‐raisingpowerofthesecountries. Paraphrases: richpeople=wealthypeople escapefinancialresponsibility=avoidtaxes travelling=becominga‘citizenoftheworld’andabandoningtheirowncountry.

111

EXTRAPRACTICE

EXTRAPRACTICE1 Questions1–6 Questions1–6showeventsinthehistoryofclimatechange. ListentothedialogueandclassifytheeventsasA,BorC A B C

19thcentury mid20thcentury 1970s‐80s

Thetermthegreenhouseeffectwasinvented

Averagetemperaturesstartedtoincreaseconsiderably

Therewasadecreaseinaveragetemperaturesforafewyears

Methaneandnitrousoxidewerefirstidentifiedasgreenhousegases

…………………….

Carbondioxidewasfirstidentifiedasagreenhousegas.

…………………….

Manyhightemperaturerecordswerebroken.

…………………….

AmajordroughtoccurredinNorthAmerica.

…………………….

112

…………………….

EXTRAPRACTICE2 SECTION 3 Questions21‐23 Choosethecorrectletter,A,BorC. 21. Ahmed'sresearchisconnectedwiththe A impactofroadsinurbanareas. B linkbetweenpeopleandurbaninfrastructure. C reasonsbehindsystembreakdowns. 22. Janiceisfindingtheexaminingofherdata A alotofeffort. B aneasytask. C aslowprocess. 23. WhatdidJanicethinkasshecommencedherresearchproject? A Sheassumedthatitwasgoingtobeveryhard. B Sheimaginedshewouldneverbeabletobegin. C Shefeltrelaxedaboutthewholeprocess. Questions24‐28 WhatcommentsdoesJanicemakeaboutthevariousaspectsofherresearch? Choosefiveanswersfromtheboxandwritethecorrectletter,A‐G,nexttoquestions24‐28. 24. researchquestion

………………………..

25. literaturereview

………………………..

26. researchproposal

………………………..

27. designingthemethods

………………………..

28. aimsandobjectives

………………………..

A B C D E F G

fairlyeasy veryeasy fairlydifficult verydifficult mostdifficult tiring time‐consuming

Questions29and30 ChooseTWOletters,A‐F. WhichTWOofthefollowingdoesJanicerecommendAhmedshouldcontactforhelpwithwriting? A languagecentre B privateteacher C studentunion D researchsupervisor E mainlibrary F coursetutor

113

WRITING SECTION

114

DESCRIBINGATABLE STRATEGIES DESCRIPTION Use:

Listinformationaccordingtocategories‐>agreatdealofdatatoanalyze

Types:

1. Tableswithtimeindicator(e.g.howemploymentaccordingtosectorschangesovera periodoftime)–Thisisthefocusofthislesson 2. Tablewithouttimeindicator(e.g.theparticipationofmalesandfemalesindifferent sportactivities)

ACTIONPLANS 1. Step1:Analyzetheinstructionandthetable(5minutes) a. Identifythesubjectofthetable(i.ewhatthetableisabout)andotherbasicelements (timeline,groupsandunitofmeasurement) Tip:Fortableswith b. Identifythemajorfeatures: timeindicators,it’sa i. Max–Minvalues goodideatouse ii. Significantchangesordifferences arrows()to c. Groupelements/categoriesthatsharesimilartrends d. Identifytheoverview(asummaryofthegeneraltrends visualizethe orinformationinthetable) information.Doing thatwillmakeit

easiertoidentifythe

2. Step2:Writethereport(12‐15minutes) trends Suggestedformat Introduction:  Introductorysentence:expresseswhatthetableisabout(Tip:Paraphrasethe instruction)  Theoverview:summarisesthegeneraltrends/information Body:  

Paragraph1:Group1‐DescriptionandComparison/Contrast Paragraph2:Group2‐DescriptionandComparison/Contrast

115

USEFULEXPRESSIONS INTRODUCTION The Visual Type

Verb

Description

The bar chart/line graph/ pie chart(s)/ table/diagram

shows / represents / indicates / illustrates / details / gives data on / provides information on/ compares.

the number of ….

(mention the specific type of visual)

the amount of …. how much

THE SUBJECT OF THE GRAPH

how many

Note: Thenumber/amount/proportion/quantityof+nounphrase(fullrelativeclauseorreducedform) Howmany/howmuch+clause(subject+verb) E.g: 1.ThegraphshowsdataonemploymentcategoriesinenergyproducingsectorsinEuropestartingfrom 1925to1985. Thebarchartcomparesthenumberofpeople(whowere)employedin... Thebarchartpresentshowmanypeoplewereemployedin.... 2.ThechartgivesinformationonenergyconsumptioninfourEuropeancountriesnamelyGermany, Italy,BritainandFrance. ThepiechartsindicatetheamountofenergywhichwasconsumedinfourEuropeancountries namely.... ThepiechartsindicatehowmuchenergywasconsumedinfourEuropeancountriesnamely....

116

OVERVIEW Asitcanbeseenfromthegraph,….

Overall,………

Itisclearfromthegraph/tablethat…

Itcanbeseenfromthegraph/tablethat…

Fromthegraph/tableitisclearthat….

Asthegraph/tableshows,…

Ascanbeseenfromthegraph/table,…

Asshowninthegraph/table,…..

Eg:

ThelinegraphillustrateshowmuchthreeLondonbakeries(Bernie’sBuns,Robbie’sBakeryandLovely Loaves)earnedannuallyoveratenyearperiodbetween2000and2010.Asshowninthegraph,while theearningsofthefirsttwobakerieswentupovertime,thatofRobbiedecreased.

117

TRENDLANGUAGE TREND

VERB Rise Increase Grow Surge Soar Leap Shootup Double Treble Fall Drop Decline Dip Plunge Dive Plummet

118

NOUN

DEGREE

PHRASE

ADJ/ADV

Rise Increase Growth Surge / Leap / / /

Toshow/experience anupwardtrend

Small change

Slight(ly) Marginal(ly) Minor Negligible

Fall Drop Decline / Plunge /

Toshow/experience adownwardtrend

Slow change

Steady(ly) Gradual(ly)

Peakat Stayat Bottomout at

Reachapeak/high of.. Hitalowof..

Big change

Significant(ly) Dramatic(aly) Substantial(ly) Considerable(ly)

Fluctuate Vary

Fluctuation Variation

Show/Experience some fluctuation/variation

Experienceaperiod ofstability

Toreachaplateauat

Stabiliseat Remain constant/ stableat Plateauat Aplateau Leveloffat Flattenoutat

BASICPATTERNS S+V+ADJ+N Therewasasubstantialincreasethenumber ofstudentsin2006. S+V+ADV Thenumberofstudentsincreased substantiallythroughouttheperiodbetween 2002and2006.

TIMEPHRASE in2006 from2000to2005 for5years between2000and2005 during/throughtheperiodbetween2000to 2005

COMPARISONSTRUCTURES COMPARATIVE

S1+V+Quantifier+ADJ‐er+THAN+S2 S1+V+Quantifier+MORE/LESS+ ADJ+THAN+S2

XisconsiderablysmallerthanY. Xismuch/alotbiggerthanY. Xisabit/alittlecheaperthanY. XisslightlybiggerthanY. XincreasedmuchmoresharplythanY.

SUPERLATIVES

S+BE+THE+ADJ–EST/MOSTADJ

EQUAL COMPARISON

S1+V+AS+ADJ/ADV+AS+S2 S1+V+*times+AS+ADJ/ADV+ASS2

Yproducedthehighestlevelofemissionin 2008. Xwastheleastpopularitemin2009. XwasaspopularasY. XwastwotimesaspopularasY.

CONTRASTSTRUCTURES STRUCTURE

EXAMPLE

Clause1+BUT+Clause2

Xpeakedat20%in2000butlateritexperienceda downwardtrend.

Unlike+Nounphrase,Clause

UnlikeX,Ywasmorepopularamongmen.

Inspiteof/Despite+NounPhrase,Clause

Despitetheslightdecreasein2000,Xquickly recoveredandpeakedat40%in2005.

Although/Eventhough/WhileClause,Clause

WhileXdecreasedsignificantly,Yexperiencedan upwardtrendinthesameperiod.

However/Incontrast/Onthecontrary,Clause Xroseconsiderablyin2000.Incontrast,Yplungedto alowof2%inthesameyear.

119

MODELPRACTICE Youshouldspendabout20minutesonthistask. Thetablebelowshowstheconsumerdurables(telephone,refrigerator,etc.)ownedinBritainfrom 1972to1983. Writeareportforauniversitylecturerdescribingtheinformationshownbelow.

EXERCISEA:ANALYSIS Studythetableanddiscussthesequestionswithyourpartner 1. Whatisthetableabout? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2. Whatistheunitofmeasurement? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3. Comparedtothoseof1972,whatcanbenoticedaboutthefiguresfortheconsumerdurablesin 1983? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4. Whichconsumerdurablewasthemostpopularovertime?Whichonewastheleastpopular? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5. Whatcanbenoticedaboutvideos,dishwashersandvacuumcleaner?

120

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 6. Ifyouaretoputthedurablesintotwogroups,whichitemsshouldbegroupedtogether? (Cue:Itemscanbegroupedaccordingtosharedtrendovertimeorpopularity). ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

121

EXERCISEB:LANGUAGE Readthemodelessaybelowandputtheexpressions(1‐14)intotherightcategories.Thefirsttwo havebeendoneforyou

Thetablegivencomparestheuseofvarioushouseholdelectricalconsumablesovera periodof11yearsbetween1972and1983inBritain.Overall,itisobservedthattheuseof theseconsumables(1)roseovertheyears,andthatTVwas(2)themostpopularofall theproducts. In1972,(3) themostusedelectronicitemwastelevision,ofwhichownershipnumbers (4)rosegraduallytoreach98percentby1983.Vacuumcleanerwas(5) thesecondmost popularconsumablein1972(87%).(6)However,it(7) experiencedafluctuatingpattern inownershipinthefollowingyearsbeforeitgotwipedoutcompletelyin1983. Refrigeratorsandwashingmachinealsoprovedtobecommonhouseholddevices.Their figures(8)showedconsistentupwardtrendsthroughouttheperiodbeforepeakingat 94%and80%respectivelyin1983. Likewise,(9) despitebeingtheleastpopularconsumerdurablesin1972,telephoneand centralheating(10)sustainedsteadyincreasesinownershipthroughouttheperiod,with numbersreachingtheirpeaksof64%and77%respectivelyin1983.Itshouldalsobe notedthatby1983whenthevideoplayerscameintouse,around18%ofBritish householdswereinpossessionoftheseitem.(11)Incontrast,only5%ofthehouseholds hadadishwasherinthesameyear,(12)makingittheleastcommonelectronicitemon thelist. Tosummarize,itisevidentthatwhilealltheitems(13) enjoyedagrowthinpopularity, televisions,refrigeratorsandwashingmachineswere(14) themostcommonlyused householddevicesamongBritonsthroughoutthe11years.

TRENDLANGUAGE

(1)

122

COMPARISONANDCONTRASTLANGUAGE (2)

MAINPRACTICE Readthetablebelowandcompletethefollowingexercises Percentage of students giving good ratings for different aspects of a university 2000

2005

2010

Teaching quality

Print resources

Electronic resources

Range of modules offered

Buildings/teaching facilities

EXERCISEA–STEP1:ANALYSIS Discussthesequestionswithyourpartners 1. Whatisthetableabout? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. Whatcanbenoticedabouttheaspect“Buildings/teachingfacilities”asopposedtootheraspects? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3. Whichtwoaspectshadthehighestandlowestnumbers?Whattrendsdidtheyexperienceovertime? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4. Whattrendsdidtheothertwoaspects(i.etheonesnotpreviouslymentionedinquestions2and3) experience? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

123

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5.Whichaspectexperiencedthegreatestchange? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6.Ifyouaretoputtheaspectsintotwogroups,whichonesshouldbegroupedtogether?Why? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

EXERCISEB–STEP2:OUTLINING UsetheanswerstothequestionsinexerciseAtocompletethisoutline Introsentence …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………….. Overview ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………….. Body1 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Body2 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

124

EXERCISEC Usetheoutlineabovetowriteafullreportonthetable ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

125

EXTRAPRACTICE EXERCISEA Readthetablebelowandcompletethereportbelowusingyourownwordsandtheinformationinthe table AveragePercentagesofHouseholdIncomeSpentonFood 1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

France

29.6

31.4

25.0

21.6

16.9

10.3

Japan

30.3

26.7

20.4

17.0

12.2

7.4

Korea

30.4

37.1

25.6

20.5

15.5

8.7

Mexico

28.7

23.6

22.0

20.7

19.5

24.9

USA

20.6

18.2

13.3

10.1

8.9

6.2

Thistable(1)……………………………theaverageproportionofhouseholdincomespentonfoodinfive countries‐(2)…………………………………………………………………………………..–between1950and2000atten‐ yearintervals. (3)……………………………………………..thattheaveragepercentagesofhouseholdincomespentonfood decreasedinallfivecountriesfrom1950to2000. JapanandtheUnitedStatesshoweda(4)……………………………decreaseateveryten‐yearinterval. Particularly,thefiguresforbothcountries(5)………………………………morethan4timesduringthe50year period,withtheUSAandJapan’saveragepercentagesstandingatthelowsof(6)………………….and .…………………..in2000,respectively. (7)…………………………..,FranceandKoreaexperiencedanincreaseinfoodexpensesfrom1950to1960, followedby(8)………………………………………………………….throughouttherestoftheperiod.Itcanbe notedthatthefigureforKorea(9)………….…………………………..at37.1%1960. Amongthefivecountries,Mexico’sspendingpatternstoodoutastheexceptiontothegeneral downwardtrend.Eventhoughthecountryspentlessmoneyonfoodin2000thanitdidin1950,itsfood expensesactuallyexperienced(10)………………………………………………………………..from1990onwards.

126

EXERCISEB Youshouldspendabout20minutesonthistask. ThetableshowstheProportionsofPupilsAttendingFourSecondarySchoolTypesBetween 2000and2009. Summarizetheinformationbyselectingandreportingthemainfeaturesandmake comparisonswhererelevant. Writeatleast150words. SecondarySchoolAttendance SpecialistSchools GrammarSchools Voluntary‐controlledSchools CommunitySchools

2000 12% 24% 52% 12%

2005 11% 19% 38% 32%

2009 10% 12% 20% 58%

127

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

128

TOWHATEXTENTDOYOUAGREEOR DISAGREE? STRATEGIES DESCRIPTION Targetedskill:

Expressinganddefendingyourpersonalviewonanissue

ACTIONPLAN 1. Step1:Studytheessayprompt(1min) ‐ Readthepromptandunderlinethekeywordstoidentify1)thetopicand2)thetaskof theprompt(i.ewhatyouhavetowriteaboutthetopic) 2. -

Step2:Brainstormideas(5‐7minutes) Writeathesisstatementthatdirectlyanswersthetask(i.eexpressyouropinion) Brainstormkeyideasthatsupportthethesis Ifthereistime,brainstormdetails(explanation,concession,examples)thatexpandthe keyideas

3. Step3:Writetheessay(20–25minutes) Suggestedformat - Introduction:  Leadinsentence:introducetheessaytopic  Thesisstatement:stateyouropinion - Bodyparagraph1  Topicsentence:statekeyidea1  Supportingsentences:giveexplanation,concession,examples - Bodyparagraph2and3:Sameasabove - Conclusion  Summary(optional):summarizekeyideas  Thesisrestatement:rephrasethethesis 4. Step4:Proofreadtheessay(3‐5min)

129

 TIP   

Makeyouropinionclearintheintroductionandconclusion. Explainonereasonforyouropinioninbodyparagraph1andanotherinbodyparagraph 2. Imaginethatyouarepersuadingtheexaminerthatyouropinionisright. Don'twriteaparagraphaboutwhat'otherpeople'think.Ifyoudothat,youarein dangerofwritinga"discussbothviews"essay.Ifyoumentiontheoppositeargument, makesurethatyourefuteit(explainwhyyouthinkit'swrong)

USEFULEXPRESSIONS

ExpressingPersonalOpinions  Inmypointofview/Inmyopinion/  AsfarasIamconcerned,….  Itseemstomethat..  I’minclinedtobelievethat..  I’mconvincedthat.. Expressingagreement  Ifirmlybelievethat…  Thereisnodoubtinmymindthat…  PersonallyIentirely/absolutely /partiallyagreewith.. Expressingdisagreement  Idon’tentirelyagreethat..  I’mnotatallconvincedthat…

130

Makingarguments    

Itwouldseemthat… Itcouldbearguedthat… Thissuggeststhat…/Thisproves that… Thissupportsthe ideathat….

MakingConcession    

Whileitisanunfortunatetruththat +“opposingside”,“yourside” Itistruethat+“opposingside”; however,“yourside” Thereisnodenyingthat+“opposing side”,“yourside” While“opposingside”maybetrue, “yourside”

MODELPRACTICE

Readthemodelessayandanswerthefollowingquestions 1.Whatisthewriter’sopiniononthetopic? 2.Whataretheargumentsforthewriter’sopinion? 3.Whichphrasesareusedtointroducethewriter’sopinionsandarguments? 4.Whataretheboldedsentencesfor? Studieshavesuggestedthatnowadayschildrenwatchmuchmoretelevisionthantheydid inthepast.Itisbelievedthatsuchtrendisgoingtohavemanynegativeimpactsonthem. Towhatextentdoyouagreewiththisview? Paragraph

Function

Introduction Lead‐in:the topicofthe essay

Thesis:your opinionon thetopic

Samplewriting Ithasbeenobservedthatchildrenarespendingmoreand moretimeonwatchingTV.Thishaspromptedmanytoworry aboutthepotentialdamagingeffectsthatTVmayhaveon childrendevelopment. However,personallyIdisagreewiththeassertionthat watchingTVisbadforchildren.

Overview:Key ThisopinionisbasedonTV’srolesinprovidingeducational ideasPreview opportunities,developingawarenessaboutthewiderworld andassistingparentsinvarietyofusefulways. Body1

Topic Tostartwith,Ifirmlybelievethattelevisioncanplayan sentence:Key importantroleineducatingchildren. idea1 Supporting detail1

WhileadmittedlytherearesomeTVshowsthatare inappropriateforchildren(mainlyscheduledforevenings, whenmostchildrenarepresumedtobeinbed),thereare alsomanyprogramsspecificallymadeforchildrenduringthe

131

daytimeschedule. Theyhelptodevelopawarenessabout language,basicarithmetic,musicandsong‐allofwhichIfeel areimportantfoundationsforchildren'seducationand development.Furthermore,theseprogramsareusually designedanddirectedbyeducationalexpertswhoknowwhat childrenneedtolearnandhow. Supporting detail2

Body2

Body3

132

IrecentlysawamodernepisodefromtheMickeyMouse Clubhouseprogramforkids,andIwasamazedathow brilliantlyitpromotedreading,basicscienceandcounting awarenessthroughsongs,funactivitiesandanappealing storyline.

Topic Inadditiontoeducationalconsiderations,itiscleartomethat sentence:Key televisionhelpstopromoteasenseofglobalcitizenshipin idea2 peoplewhiletheyarestillyoung. Supporting detail1

Consider,forexample,achildinhisorherhomecountry.The child'sexperiencewillbelimitedtolocalnewseventsand exposuretopeoplewhoarebasicallyverysimilartohimor her.Ofcourse,thisisnotatallunhealthyforchildren(to knowalotabouttheirowncountryandpeople).However, throughthepoweroftelevision,thischildcanfindoutwhat ishappeningelsewhereintheworld,howpeoplelook, speakandactdifferently,exploretheworld'sculturesand historicaltreasures,andevenseetheamazingdiversityof plantsandanimalsthatexistaroundtheworld.

Supporting detail2

Itisalsotruethatalotofthiscanbegainedfrombooksas well,buttheprocesstendstobemoredynamicthroughthe mediumoftelevisionandvideo.Ifthisexposureandasense ofunderstandingcanbeginwhilepeoplearestillyoung,I thinkitwillhaveapositiveimpactontheirglobalawareness astheygrowandbecomeadults.

Topic Finally,alongsidetheissuesofeducationandpromotionof sentence:Key globalawareness,Ithinktelevisioncanprovidevaluable idea3 assistancetoparentsinbringinguptheirchildren.

Conclusion

Supporting detail1

Whileitisanunfortunatetruththattelevisioncanmake someparentslazyoreveninattentivetotheirchildren's needs,itisalsoafactthatmanyparentsintheworldtoday areextremelybusy,anditcanbeveryhardtofindthetime toattendto,entertainandeducatechildrenfully.

Supporting detail2

Also,asidefromthepracticaltimeissue,thereisalsothefact thatparentsdonotalwayshavetheknowledgeorexpertise togivetheirchildrenskillfulguidanceorhelpfulinstruction. Bywayofexample,myownchildhaslearnedalotabout EnglishthroughtelevisionprogramsevenwhenhisKorean speakingmotherprobablycouldn'tgivehimgoodguidancein developingthissideofhisbilingualism.Similarly,Iam definitelynotamusicalperson,butthroughinnovativeand entertainingTVprogramsdesignedespeciallyforlittle children,oursonhasdevelopedahealthypassionforsinging andplayingmusicalinstruments.

Summaryof arguments

Myconsiderationoftheissueofchildrenandtelevisionhas exploredfactorssuchaseducation,globalcitizenship,and helpforparentsinraisingtheirchildren.

Thesis restatement

Theseconsiderationsleadmetodisagreewiththeblanket statementthatwatchingtelevisionisbadforchildren.Infact, Iaminclinedtobelievethattelevisionhasthesamepotential toaffectchildren(eitherpositivelyornegatively)asother things‐likeneighborhood,familyupbringingortheinfluence offriends.

133

MAINPRACTICE

EXERCISEA:LEADIN YoutubeVideo:Francetoraiseretirementage–Reuters Link:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SHUbru54q‐s Watchthevideoanddiscussthesequestionwithyourpartner.Takenotesofyouropinion 1.WhatisthemainjustificationforFrenchgovernment’sdecisiontoraiseretirementageto 62? Elaborateonyouranswer. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2.Whichtypeofworkersareallowedtoretireat60,accordingtothenewpolicy? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3.Inyouropinion,whydosuchexemptionsexist? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4.Accordingtothetradeunionrepresentative,whywouldthetradeunionsprotestagainstthe newpolicy? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5.Whichside(government’sortradeunion’s)doyouagreewith? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

134

EXERCISEB Readthepromptbelowandcompletethetasksthatfollow Youshouldspendabout40minutesonthistask. Writeaboutthefollowingtopic. Somesaythatbecausemanypeoplearelivingmuchlonger,theageatwhichpeople retirefromworkshouldberaisedconsiderably. Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree? Givereasonsforyouranswerandincludeanyrelevantexamplesfromyourownknowledge orexperience. Writeatleast250words. a. Brainstormideasanddevelopanoutlineforthepromptabove.Youcanusesomeideas fromthepreviousexercisetomaketheoutline. Thesis:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………............... Keyidea1:……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Detail1:……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Detail2:……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Keyidea2:……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Detail1:……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Detail2:……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Keyidea3:……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Detail1:……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Detail2:……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

135

b. Writeafullresponsetothepromptabove ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

136

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

137

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

138

EXTRAPRACTICE

Youshouldspendabout40minutesonthistask. Writeaboutthefollowingtopic. Whenchoosingajob,thesalaryisthemostimportantconsideration. Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree? Givereasonsforyouranswerandincludeanyrelevantexamplesfromyourownknowledgeor experience. Writeatleast250words. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

139

140

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

141

DESCRIBINGAPROCESS STRATEGIES DESCRIPTION Targetedskill:

Analyzingaseriesofpictures.

Types: 1. Adiagramshowingthestepstomakesomething(howsomethingisdonewithanoutcomeat theend) 2. Adiagramshowinghowsomethingworks(eventsthathappeninaparticularorder)ora naturalcycle Thislessonfocusesonthefirsttype:Adiagramshowingthestagesofhowsomethingismade. ACTIONPLANS 1. Step1:Analyzetheinstructionandthediagram.Decideifthe processhasthebeginningandtheendorwhetheritisacycle(5 minutes) a. Identifythemainstepsofthediagram b. Identifythemajortransitionsbetweenthesteps c. Identifytheoutcome/productofeachstep 2. Step2:Writethereport(12‐15minutes) Suggestedformat Introduction:  Introductorysentence:sayswhatthediagramisabout  Theoverview:listsoutthenumberofsteps Body:1‐2paragraphsdescribingthestepsindetails

TIP:YOUMUSTUSE PRESENTSIMPLE TENSETODESCRIBE THESTEPS. FORPRODUCTION LINE,PASSIVEVOICE SHOULDBEUSED TOdescribehow somethingismade andtoavoid referencetopeople. Donotuse IMPERATIVE: E.g.Firstly,sowtea seeds.(Wrong) Firstly,teaseedsare sowed.(Correct)

142

USEFULEXPRESSIONS

OVERVIEW: Asitcanbeseenfromtheillustration,… Itisclearfromtheillustrationthat… Overall,therearefivestagesin… ItisalsonoticeablethatABCconsistsoffivemainstagesin… E.g.

Asitcanbeseenfromtheillustration,teaproductionandbreweryconsistof18stepsin total. Overall,thereare18stepsinbothprocessofteaproductionandbrewery.

143

THEFIRSTSTEP: Firstly,/Initially,/Inthebeginning,/Tobeginwith,+clause Thefirststepiswhen+clause/Thefirststepis+V‐ing/To‐inf Production/Thecyclestarts/commences/beginswhen+clause(with+V‐ing) E.g.

Firstly,tealeavesaregrowninIndiaandChina.

ThefirststepiswhentealeavesaregrowninIndiaandChina.

ProductionofteabeginswhentealeavesaregrowninIndiaandChina.

THEFOLLOWINGSTEPS: Next,/Afterthis,/Afterward,/Followingthis,+clause Atthenextphaseof(theprocess/thecycle),+clause Gradually,/Overtime,+clause(moresuitableforcircularprocesses) Thenextstepiswhen+clause/Thefollowingstepis+V‐ing/To‐inf Theprocess/Thecyclecontinues/proceedswhen+clause(with+V‐ing) E.g.

Afterthis,freshleavesareleftundertheSuntodry. Atthenextphaseoftheprocess,freshleavesaredriedundertheSun. ThenextstepiswhenfreshleavesareleftundertheSuntodry. ThefollowingstepisdryingfreshleavesusingheatfromtheSun. Theprocesscontinueswhenfreshleavesaresun‐dried.

THELASTSTEP: Havingexperienced/gonethroughallthepreviousstages,+clause Finally,/Eventually,/Lastly,/Intheend,/Inthelaststep,+clause Thelast/finalstepiswhen+clause/+V‐ing Theprocessconcludes/finishes/completeswhen+clause(with+V‐ing) E.g.

Havinggonethroughalltheprevioussteps,thefinishedproductsarepackagedandthen dispatched. Finally,sugarormilkisaddedtotheteatomakethisbeveragemoreenjoyable.

144

PARTICIPIALPHRASES Usingpresentparticipialphrases(incaseofactivevoice)orpastparticipialphrases(incaseof passivevoice)tomakecomplexsentencesshorterbyomittingtherepeatedsubjectsand turningtheverbintogerundorpastparticiple. E.g.

Aftermilkispasteurized,itispackagedintocartonboxes.

Pasteurizedmilkisthenpackagedintocartonboxes.

Alternatively,thefollowingstructurecanalsobeused:

Havingbeenpasteurized,milkispackagedintocartonboxes.

Havingdevelopedgrindingjaws,thelarvaebecomepredatorsofthepond.

145

MODELPRACTICE

EXERCISEA ReadthefollowingIELTSWritingtask1andcompletethefollowingtask. Youshouldspendabout20minutesonthistask.

Whatisthediagramabout?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2.

Howmanybodyparagraphsshouldyouwrite?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

146

Foreachdiagram a. Howmanystepsarethereintotal? b. Whatisthefirststep? c. Whatisthefinalproduct?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

147

EXERCISEB Readthefollowingmodelessayandwritedownallthewords/phrasesthatheusestomark: a.Thestartoftheprocess ................................................................................................................................................ b.Theendoftheprocess ................................................................................................................................................ c.Transitionbetweenthesteps ................................................................................................................................................ Sampleessay The first diagram illustrates the process of glass container production, and the second one showshowusedglasscanberecycledintonewproducts.Itcanbeobservedthatglassismade from three main raw materials, and that the manufacturing process consists of four distinct stages.However,ittakesfivestepstoturnusedglassintonewitems. Atthefirststageintheproductionofglass,sand,sodaash,limestoneandotherchemicalsare mixed together. Next, this mixture is heated in a glass furnace at approximately 1500oC to producemoltenglass.Thiscanthenbeshapedbyblowingtocreatetheendproduct,namely glasscontainers. Asfortherecyclingprocess,itbeginswiththecollectionofusedglassproducts.Thecollected glassissortedaccordingtoitscolour,andthenwashedinordertoremoveanyimpurities. Followingthis,theglassiscrushedandmelted.Finally,theresultingmoltenglassismouldedto createnewproducts.

148

MAINPRACTICE

EXERCISEA Useparticipialphrasestocombinethefollowingsentences: 1.Whenawaveapproachesthedevice,waterisforcedintothechamber.Thisappliespressure ontheairwithinthecolumn. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............. 2.Theboilerisfueledbygasoroil.Atfirst,itheatsupthewaterthatpassesthroughit. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............. 3.Thehotwaterispumpedroundthehousethroughasystemofpipes.Afterthat,itflowsinto theradiators. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............. 4.Afterthat,thedriedrawbricksarefiredinthekiln.Then,theyareplacedinacooling chamberforabout48to72hours. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............. 5.Thelarvastaysinthecocoonforaround16days.Inthefinalstage,theybecomemoths. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….........

149

EXERCISEB A.LEADIN Watchthevideoonleatherproductionanddiscussthesequestionswithyourpartner.Take notesofyourdiscussion. 1.Whatistheoriginalmaterialusedtomakeleather? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2.Howmanymainstepscanyounoticeinthevideo? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3.Whatproductscanyoumakewithleather? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

150

B.Readthepromptbelowandcompletethefollowingtasks. Youshouldspendabout20minutesonthistask. Thediagrambelowshowshowleathergoodsareproduced. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and making comparisonswhererelevant. Writeatleast150words.

Discussthefollowingquestionswithyourpartner. 1. Whatistheprocessabout? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2. Howmanystepsarethereintotal? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3. Whatstepsareconductedafteranimalskinisbroughttothefirstfactory? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

151

4.Whathappenswhentheskinisbroughttothesecondfactory? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Usetheanswerstothequestionsabovetowriteafullreportontheprompt. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

152

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

153

EXTRAPRACTICE

Thediagrambelowshowshowsugarisproducedfromsugarbeets. Add the missing verbs to the diagram then summarize the information by selecting and reportingthemainfeaturesandmakecomparisonswhererelevant.

154

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

155

TWO‐PARTQUESTIONS STRATEGIES DESCRIPTION Targetedskill:Expressingyourviewontwodifferentquestionsofthesamegiventopic. Example: Nowadaysthewaymanypeopleinteractwitheachotherhaschangedbecauseoftechnology. Inwhatwayshastechnologyaffectedthetypesofpersonalrelationships? Isthisapositiveornegativedevelopment? ACTIONPLAN 1. Step1:Studytheessayprompt(1min) ‐ Readthepromptandunderlinethekeywordstoidentify1) thetopicand2)thetaskof theprompt(i.ewhatyouhavetowriteaboutthetopic) 2. Step2:Brainstormideas(5‐7minutes) - Writeathesisstatementthatdirectlyanswersthequestions - Brainstormkeyideasthatsupportthethesis - Ifthereistime,brainstormdetails(explanation,concession,examples)thatexpandthe keyideas 3. Step3:Writetheessay(20–25minutes) Suggestedformat Two‐partQuestion Introduction - Paraphraseoftheprompt - Thesisstatement:anoverallanswertobothquestions Body1:Answerthefirstquestion - Topicsentence - Explanation&Example Body2:Answerthesecondquestion - Thesameformatasbodyparagraph1 Conclusion - Summaryofbothanswers 4. Step4:Proofreadtheessay(3‐5min)

156

MODELPRACTICE

Topic: Happiness is considered very important in life. Why is it difficult to define? What factorsareimportantinachievinghappiness? Readthemodelessayonthenextpage.Discusswithyourpartnerandcompletetheoutline below Thesis: whydifficult?–personalnatureofhappiness whatfactorsareimportant?–somecommonneedsthatweshare Keyidea1: Happiness=differentthingstoeachperson +Supportingidea1: Forsome:happiness=moneyandsuccess.Forothers:happiness=health,family +Supportingidea2: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………… ……………………………………..……………………………………..……………………………………..……………………………… Keyidea2: Basicpreconditionsforhappiness +Supportingidea1 ……………………………………..……………………………………..……………………………………..……………………………… ……………………………………..……………………………………..……………………………………..……………………………… +Supportingidea2: ……………………………………..……………………………………..……………………………………..……………………………… ……………………………………..……………………………………..……………………………………..……………………………… +Supportingidea3: ……………………………………..……………………………………..……………………………………..……………………………… ……………………………………..……………………………………..……………………………………..……………………………… Conclusion ……………………………………..……………………………………..……………………………………..………………………………

157

Modelanswer Itisnodoubttruethatthemajorityofpeoplewouldliketobehappyintheirlives.Whilethe personalnatureofhappinessmakesitdifficulttodescribe,theredoseemtobesomecommon needsthatweallsharewithregardstoexperiencingorachievinghappiness. Happinessisdifficulttodefinebecauseitmeanssomethingdifferenttoeachindividualperson. Nobodycanfullyunderstandorexperienceanotherperson’sfeelings,andweallhaveourown particularpassionsfromwhichwetakepleasure.Somepeople,forexample,deriveasenseof satisfactionfromearningmoneyorachievingsuccess,whereasforothers,healthandfamilyare much more important. At the same time, a range of other feelings, from excitement to peacefulness, may be associated with the idea of happiness, and the same person may thereforefeelhappyinavarietyofdifferentways. Although it seems almost impossible to give a precise definition of happiness, most people would agree that there are some basic preconditions to achieving it. Firstly, it is hard for a persontobehappyifheorshedoesnothaveasafeplacetoliveandenoughfoodtoeat.Our basic survival needs must surely be met before we can lead a pleasant life. Secondly, the greatestjoyinlifeisusuallyfoundinsharedexperienceswithfamilyandfriends,anditisrare to find a person who is content to live in complete isolation. Other key factors could be individualfreedomandasenseofpurposeinlife. In conclusion, happiness is difficult to define because it is particular to each individual, but I believethatourbasicneedsforshelter,foodandcompanyneedtobefulfilledbeforewecan experienceit.

158

MAINPRACTICE

EXERCISEA:LEADIN Watch the Youtube Video: 25 Sure Signs Of Maturity That We All Need Reminding Of Sometimes.Discussthefollowingquestionswithyourpartner. 1.Accordingtothevideo,whataresomesignsofmaturity?Takenotesofasmanysignsasyou can. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2.Whichsignsdoyouthinkarethemostimportantones?Why? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

159

EXERCISEB Brainstormandwritetheoutlineforthisprompt.YoumayconsiderusingtheideasinExercise Aforyouroutline. Youshouldspendabout40minutesonthistask. Writeaboutthefollowingtopic. Aschildrenbecomeadults,theirsocialbehaviourchangesinsomeways. What are the main differences between young children's social behaviour and that of adults?Towhatextentarethechangesthattakeplacegood? Writeatleast250words. Thesis ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Keyidea1(Answertothefirstquestion) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Supportingidea1:……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Supportingidea2:……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Keyidea2(Answertothesecondquestion) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Supportingidea1:……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Supportingidea2:……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

160

EXERCISEB Writeafullresponsetothepromptabove ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

161

162

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… EXTRAPRACTICE

Youshouldspendabout40minutesonthistask. Manypeoplenowundertakeextremeactivities,fromhang‐glidingtomountainclimbing. Whydopeoplerisktheirlivesinthisway?Doyouthinkthisisagoodtrend? Givereasonsforyouranswer,andincludeanyrelevantexamplesfromyourownknowledgeor experience.Writeatleast250words. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

163

164

COMPARINGPIECHARTS OBJECTIVES Targetedskills:   

comparingandcontrasting reportingonanimpersonaltopicwithouttheuseofopinion graphdescriptionlanguage

DESCRIPTION Use:Piechartsaregenerallyusedtoshowpercentageorproportionaldata.Usually,the percentagerepresentedbyeachcategoryisprovidednexttothecorrespondingsliceofpie. Types: 1. Comparisonbetweentwoormorepiechartswhichpresentthesameitems,butin differenttimeframes.(Thisrequirestrendlanguage.) 2. Comparisonbetweentwoormorepiechartswhichpresentcorrespondingitemsin differentregions/fields/groups,etc. Thislessonisabouttype2. ACTIONPLAN 1. Readtheinstructioncarefully 2. Lookatthepiecharts:Whataretheyabout? Whatarebeingcompared? 3. Analysethecharts:  Whatisthetimeline?  Whatistheunitofmeasurement?  Whatarelargestandsmallestsections?  Whichcorrespondingsectionsaresimilar betweenthecharts?  Whichonesaredifferent?  Howshouldthesegmentsbegrouped? 4. Selectthemainfeaturesandorganiseyourideas intotheoverviewanditsfollowingbody paragraphs 5. Writethereport 6. Checkyourresponse

Tips ‐

You are summarising ideas, so avoidgettinglostindetails. ‐ Percentagedoesnotmeanabsolute value. For example, while the percentageofasegmentissmaller,its actual quantity could still be larger. Therefore, pay attention to the languageyouuse. ‐ There many ways to group the segments.Forexample: a.Similarsegmentsgroupedtogether Group1:Segmentswithhighfigures Group2:Segmentswithlowfigures b. Segments with extreme values vs othersegments Group1:Highestandlowestsegments Group2:Othersegments

165

Suggestedformat Introduction:  Introductorysentence:paraphrasesthetitle  Overview:describesthekeyfeaturesofthechart(E.g.generaltrendslargestandsmallest segments,segmentswithsignificantdifferencesorchanges,etc.)  Body:  Group1: DescriptionandComparison/Contrast  Group2: DescriptionandComparison/Contrast USEFULEXPRESSIONSANDPHRASES Describingproportions aspecificnumberpercent(orthesymbol%) percentageisusedwithoutanumber. Example: 50percentofthecontrolgrouprespondedtotreatmentwithDrugA. Thepercentageofthepopulationexposedtothevirusisbetween70%and75%. NOTE:Youdon’talwayshavetousetheexactpercentagespresentonthechart.Tobringvariety intoyourexpression,tryusingwordsinstead.Also,itisacceptabletousetheapproximate percentage(e.g.22.8%approx.30%)

E.g.

47%ofenergyin2010camefromoil. Almosthalfofenergyin2010camefromoil. Peopleaged25‐45occupied31%ofthepopulation.

166

Peopleaged25‐45occupiedapproximatelyonethirdofthepopulation. Usingadjectivestomodifypercentages Adjectives

Usage

Hefty/staggering/significant UseforBIGnumbers

Example Ahefty90%of… Amassive57%of…

Modest

Usefornumbersbetween15‐40%

Amodest20%of…

Mere/tiny

Useforsmallnumbers

Amere10%of…

Overwhelming

Usewiththeword“majority”

Anoverwhelmingmajorityof…

Small/tiny

Usewiththeword“minority”

Asmallminorityof…

E.g.:

Anaveragehouseholdspendastaggering64%oftheirincomeonutilitybills. Amodestquarterofallenergygeneratedcamefromgreensources. Thenumberofgraduatestakingagapyeartovolunteeronlyoccupiedamere8%. Anoverwhelmingmajorityofthefemalerespondentsvotedforonlineshopping.

Usefulverbs  Agricultureaccountsforthelargestproportion(53.2%)ofthetotalwaterused.  Thedemandofeverydaylifemakesup21%ofthetotalneedofpaper.  Oilisexpectedtooccupyalargerpercentageinthefutureasanenergysource,producing almost60%  WomenconstituteabouttenpercentofParliament. Comparing–Contrasting  Transitions:however,incontrast,ontheotherhand  SubordinatingConjunctions:whereas,while,although  Otherstructures:farmore/less…than…,notas…as….,twiceasmuch/many…as…,slightly more…,etc. Presentingorder/ranking 29%ofadolescentsspenttheirfreetimewalking,makingitthemostfavouriteactivityonthelist.It isfollowedbyfootballwhichattractedasignificantlower17%ofthetotalnumber.Withamodest of12‐13%,bothbicyclingandaerobicscamethirdonthelist.Swimming,campingandjogging provedtobeevenlesspopular,beingfavouredby9%,8%and7%ofparticipants,respectively. Yogarankedlastintermsofpopularity,asprovenbyatiny5%ofparticipationfromallteenagers.

167

MODELPRACTICE

ReadthefollowingIELTSWritingtask1andanswerthefollowingquestions. ThechartsbelowillustrateaccommodationchoicesinthecountryofEvoniaforpeopleaged from17‐29years,30‐45years,andover45years. Summarisetheinformationbyselectingandreportingthemainfeatures,andmake comparisonswhererelevant. Writeatleast150words.

30‐45yearsold 0%

0 2% 0% 9%

36% 25%

28%

46yearsoldandover 13%

3% 20%

sharedrentalaccommodation singlerentalaccommodation ownhouse ownapartment

33%

hostelaccommodation 31%

168

assistedliving

EXERCISEA: ANALYSIS

Answerthefollowingquestions 1.Whatisthetopicofthecharts? .................................................................................................................................................... 2.Whatdothethreedifferentpiesrepresent? .................................................................................................................................................... 3.Whatdothedifferentsegmentsrepresent? .................................................................................................................................................... 4.Whichtwopiesarequitesimilar,andwhichoneisdifferent? .................................................................................................................................................... 5.Howarethesetwopiessimilar? .................................................................................................................................................... 6.Whichsegmentmakesthe3rdpiedifferentfromtheothertwo? .................................................................................................................................................... 7.Whichsegmenthassimilarpercentagesacrossallthreepies? .................................................................................................................................................... 8.Whichsegmentsseethemostsignificantdifferences,andwhatarethosedifferences? ....................................................................................................................................................

169

EXERCISEB: WRITING& LANGUAGE Readtheresponsebelowandanswerthequestionsthatfollow. ThepiechartsshowaccommodationpreferencesofEvodiansofthreedifferentagegroups.Asitcan beseenfromthecharts,mostyoungerpeoplechooserentalorhostelaccommodation,whilethose inthetwooldercategoriestendtoowntheirownhousesorapartments. Shared rental accommodation is the most popular for people under 30, being favoured by over a third of this age group. However, this type of living arrangement accounts for only 9% and 3% respectively for the two older categories. Similarly, whereas 30% of young people live in hostels, only2%ofmiddle‐agedonesdo. The opposite trend can be observed for house and apartment ownership. Particularly, only an insignificantproportionofyoungpeople(2%)owntheirownhouseswhilehouseownersmakeup approximatelyathirdofthetwoolderagegroups.Similarly,amere12%ofyoungadultshavetheir ownapartmentswhilethepercentagesforthissegmentare36%and33%respectivelyfortheother twoagegroups. Interestingly,figuresforsinglerentalaccommodationareroughlyaround20‐25%forallageswhile upto13%ofmiddleagedpeoplehavetooptforassistedlivingarrangements.

1.Whattenseisusedinthisresponse?................................................................................... 2.Whatphrasesareusedtorefertothefirstgroup(17‐29yearsold)?................................. 3.Whatphrasesareusedtorefertotheothertwogroups?.................................................. 4.Whatdoestheword‘do’isthesecondparagraphmean?Whyisitthere?........................ ................................................................................................................................................... 5.Underlinethedifferentexpressionsusedtoreportfiguresintheessay(Seetheexamples above) MA

170

INPRACTICE

MAINPRACTICE EXERCISEA

LookattheIELTSWritingTask1belowanddiscusswithapartnertoanswerthequestionsthat follow Youshouldspendabout20minutesonthistask. Thechartsbelowshowthepercentageofmonthlyhouseholdincomespentonvariousitemsby twodifferentgroupsinoneEuropeancountry. Summarisetheinformationbyselectingandreportingthemainfeatures,andmakingcomparisons whererelevant. Writeatleast150words.

13%

Note:Thesegmentsinthepiechartsfollowaclockwiseorder.

171

1.Whatdothetwopiesrepresent? .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... 2.Whatdothedifferentsegmentsrepresent? .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... 3.Onwhichsegmentdoesthelowincomegroupspendthehighestproportionoftheir income?Howaboutthesecondhighest? .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... 4.Onwhichsegmentdoesthehighincomegroupspendthehighestproportionoftheir income?Howaboutthesecondhighest? .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... 5.Whichsegmentshavesignificantlydifferentproportionsacrossthetwopies? .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... 6.Whichsegmenthassimilarproportionsacrossthetwopies? .................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................

172

EXERCISEB

Writeafullresponsetothetask1givenabove. .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................

173

EXTRAPRACTICE Youshouldspend20minutesonthistask. Thepiegraphsbelowshowtheresultofasurveyofchildren'sleisureactivities. Summarisetheinformationbyselectingandreportingthemainfeatures,andmakingcomparisons whererelevant. Writeatleast150words

174

............................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

175

PROBLEMSANDSOLUTIONS STRATEGIES DESCRIPTION

 

Targetedskill:Describingproblemsandsuggestingsolutions. Possibletypes: 1. Descriptionofproblemscausedbyacertainissue o E.g.Inthedevelopedworld,averagelifeexpectancyisincreasing. Whatproblemswillthiscauseforindividualsandsociety? 2. Suggestionsonthecausesandsolutionsofacertainproblem o E.g.Nowadaysmanyyoungpeopleeatverybadlyinspiteoftheinformationwhichis availableaboutwaystohaveahealthy,balanceddiet. Whatcouldbethepossiblecausesofthis? Suggestsomesolutionswhichmayimprovetheeatinghabitsoftheyoung. 3. Descriptionofproblemscausedbyacertainissueandsuggestmeasurestosolvesuch problems (this lesson is about this type) o

E.g.Overpopulationofurbanareashasledtonumerousproblems. Identifyoneortwoseriousonesandsuggestwaysthatgovernmentsandindividuals cantackletheseproblems.

4. Suggestiononmeasurestosolveagivenproblem o

E.g.Inmanydevelopingcountries,thereisaproblemwithadecliningqualityofair andwaterfrombothindustryandconstruction.Whatmeasurescouldbetakento preventthis?

5. Suggestiononmeasurestosolveagivenproblem,anddiscussionofsuchmeasures o

176

E.g.Theimportanceofbiodiversityisbeingmorewidelyrecognisedasincreasing numbersofspeciescomeunderthreat.Whatactionscanbedonetomaintain biodiversity?Whatproblemsmighttheseactionscause?

ACTION PLAN 1. Step 1: Study the essay prompt (1 min)  Read the prompt and underline the key words to identify 1) the topic and 2) the task of the prompt (i.e what you have to write about the topic) 2. Step 2: Brainstorm ideas (5-7 minutes)  Brainstorm key ideas according to the sub‐type.  If there is time, brainstorm details (explanation, concession, examples) that expand the key ideas 3. Step 3: Write the report (20 – 25 minutes) Suggested format A. Introduction  Lead in sentence: introduce the essay topic  Thesis statement: state your opinion  Overview (optional): preview key ideas B. Body Structure 1 Body paragraph 1: possible problems  

Topic sentence: introduce the problems Supporting sentences: discuss each of the problems in details, give explanation and examples

Body paragraph 2: suggested measures  Topic sentence: state that measures  Supporting sentences: discuss each of the measures in details, give explanation and examples

Tip: You should paraphrase the prompt to get a full understanding of the essay topic.

Structure 2 Body paragraph 1: problem 1 + its solution Topic sentence: state the 1st problem  

Give explanation and examples Suggest solutions to this problem and discuss them (e.g. how they would solve the problem, how feasible/practical they are)

Body paragraph 2: problem 2 + its measures Body paragraph 3 (optional): problem 3 + its measures

C. Conclusion  

Summary (optional): summarise key ideas and give evaluation Thesis restatement: rephrase the thesis

4. Step 4: Proofread the essay (3-5 mins)

177

USEFUL EXPRESSIONS

Expressions for problems

Expressions for solutions

 (something) … poses a problem.  There is no doubt/ denial that … is a major problem/issue/challenge/obstacle  It is often the case that …  One of the pressing problems is that …  Another trouble/challenge/issue arising from … is that …  Others may also find a common problem that …  a crisis in … which must be addressed  Something that must be tackled / be dealt with is…  a challenge which must be met is..

 This problem could be addressed by…  The way forward must be to …  To begin to tackle this situation society/individuals/the government need/s to ...  ... would certainly ameliorate/alleviate the situation.  Were the government to ........, the situation would doubtless improve.  Individuals can do a great deal to …  The burden of responsibility lies in the hands of …  An alternative strategy would be …  It is vitally important that ...  Legislation should be introduced to … Expressions for contrasting        

yet nevertheless/nonetheless however though otherwise on the contrary / in contrast notwithstanding on the other hand

*Note: when describing solutions, the following structures might come in handy: - 2nd condition (if… would…) e.g. 

If the government raised fuel tax, traffic congestion would be alleviated.

- Could/should/must/to-infinitive e.g.   

178

To deal with this issue, the government could raise the tax on flying. It should be made compulsory to recycle your rubbish. The answer is for the government to subsidise sports centres, to make sport cheaper.

MODEL PRACTICE Study the essay prompt below and complete the exercises that follow

More and more people are migrating to cities in search of a better life, but city life can be extremely difficult. Explain some of the difficulties of living in a city. How can governments make urban life better for everyone?? EXERCISE A - STUDY THE MODEL ESSAY

Read the model essay below. Highlight/underline the ideas presented in the essay that can answer questions 1-3 in exercise B. 1. What is the situation? 2. What problems does this cause? 3. Which words are used to introduce the problem(s)? Underline them. (An example has been done for you.)

4. What are the suggested measures? 5. Which words are used to introduce such measures? Underline them. (An example has been done for you.)

Model answer Cities are often seen as places of opportunity, but there are also some major drawbacks of living in a large metropolis. In my opinion, governments could do much more to improve city life for the average inhabitant. The main problem for anyone who hopes to migrate to a large city is that the cost of living is likely to be much higher than it is in a small town or village. Inhabitants of cities have to pay higher prices for housing, transport, and even food. Another issue is that urban areas tend to suffer from social problems such as high crime and poverty rates in comparison with rural areas. Furthermore, the air quality in cities is often poor, due to pollution from traffic, and the streets and public transport systems are usually overcrowded. As a result, city life can be unhealthy and stressful. However, there are various steps that governments could take to tackle these problems. Firstly, they could invest money in the building of affordable or social housing to reduce the cost of living. Secondly, politicians have the power to ban vehicles from city centres and promote the use of cleaner public transport, which would help to alleviate both air pollution and traffic congestion. In London, for example, the introduction of a congestion charge for drivers has helped to curb the traffic problem. A third option would be to develop provincial towns and rural areas, by moving industry and jobs to those regions, in order to reduce the pressure on major cities. In conclusion, governments could certainly implement a range of measures to enhance the quality of life for all city residents.

179

MAIN PRACTICE EXERCISE A – IDEAS

I – Watch the Youtube video“ What is brain drain?” by World Government Summit https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5IUcFDE3COc 1. Which type of resources is being discussed in this video? ..................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................... 2. Which countries are mentioned as examples of those suffering from brain drain?.................... ............................................................................................................................................................... 3. How has brain drain affected the talent pool?  in the poorer countries ..................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................  in the talent-ready countries ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................... 4. What solutions were suggested in the video? (You can choose more than one option) A. B. C. D. E.

obliging abroad students to go back to their home countries subsidising vocational training to prepare a high quality labour force encouraging entrepreneurship by establishing business friendly policies improving life standards creating working environments that resemble the ones returnees are used to

5. What might these phrases mean? -

exorbitantly

talent pool

diaspora

brain circulation

EXERCISE B

Read the prompt below and complete the tasks that follow You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Write about the following topic. An increasing number of professionals, such as doctors and teachers, are leaving their own poorer countries to work in developed countries. What problems does this cause? What solutions can you suggest to deal with situation? Write at least 250 words.

180

I. OUTLINE YOUR ANSWER

1 – Introduction: - General statement: Introduce the topic ............................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................. - Thesis statement: make sure that your thesis statement answers the questions in the essay prompt: ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. 2 – Body paragraphs: Body paragraph 1: problems - Topic sentence: state that this paragraph is about problems ...................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... - state and explain the first problem: ............................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... - state and explain the second problem (you can use connectives such as ‘what is more’ and ‘furthermore’): .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... - Body paragraph 2: measures - Topic sentence: state that this paragraph is about measures…………………………………………………………… ........ .......................................................................................................................................................................... - state and explain the first solution: ................................................................................................................ .......................................................................................................................................................................... - state and explain the second solution: ........................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... 3 – Conclusion: Restate the thesis ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

181

II. WRITE YOUR FULL RESPONSE BELOW:

............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... 182

............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... 183

EXTRA PRACTICE You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. (Choose 1) Prompt 1: In the world today, there is a problem with food production. As a result, some people do not have enough to eat. Suggest some ways that farmers can solve this problem. Prompt 2: Nowadays, students sit more exams than ever before. What issues does this cause and how can they be addressed? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Write at least 250 words.

184

.............................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................................

185

DESCRIBINGMAPS/PLANS OBJECTIVE Targetedskills: 

describingchangesinmapsorplans

DESCRIPTION ThetypeofmapoftenencounteredinTask1oftheIELTSAcademicWritingModuleshowshowaplace haschangedoveraperiodoftime.Thevariousbuildingsandfeaturesarenormallylabelledforyou.You needtowriteabouthowtheyhavechangedfromthepastupuntilthepresentday. Therearethreemaintypesofmapquestion: 1. Describeonemapinthepresentday. 2. Describetwomaps–oneinthepresentandoneinthefuture. 3. Describetwomaps–oneinthepastandoneinthepresent. Thislessonisabouttype3. ACTIONPLAN 1. Readtheinstructioncarefullytoidentifywhattypeofmapsyou

Tips

aredealingwith.

‐ You are summarising ideas, so avoidgettinglostindetails. ‐ Don’t just state what is there, but try to link the details together. (E.g. ‘There are roads and footpaths.’ is not enough. Write more informative sentences such as ‘Roads and footpaths connect the various partsoftheislands.’

2. Analysethemaps: 

Whatlabelsaregiven?



Intheinstruction,noticethetimeframeandthe requirementtodecideonthelanguageandgrammartouse (E.g:whichtense?)



Identifychanges: o

Payattentiontothesize,positionandlocationof theitemsinthegivenmaps.

Notenewitemsand/oritemsthathaveappearedordisappeared.

4. Selectthemainfeaturesandorganiseyourideasintobodyparagraphsandanoverview. 5. Writethereport. 6. Checkyourresponse.

186

Suggestedformat  Introductorysentence:sayswhatareshowninthemaps  Overview:Maketwogeneralstatementsaboutthemap.Youshoulddescribethemapsgenerallyand writeaboutthemostnoticeabledifferencesbetweenthetwomaps.  Body: Option1:

Option2:

‐Paragraph1:Whattheplaceoriginallylookedlike. ‐Paragraph2:Howtheplacechangedovertheyears. Chronologicalorder ‐Paragraph1:Whichchangestookplaceinoneareaofthisplace(e.g.thecentralarea, thewaterfront,thewesternpartoftown,etc). ‐Paragraph2:Whichchangestookplaceintheotherareaofthisplace(e.g.theperipheral area,theinlandarea,theeasternpartoftown,etc) Spatialorder

USEFULEXPRESSIONSANDPHRASES Buildings: toberemoved,tobeknockeddown(pulleddown),tobecleared,tobedemolished tobeputup,tospringup,tobeconstructed,tobebuilt,tobeerected toberenovated,toberestored,tobeconvertedinto,toberelocated 

Thegovernmentdemolishedtheindustrialestateanddevelopedasportsground.



Theyremovedtheshopsandreplaceditwithaskyscraper.



Aportwasconstructedattheedgeoftheriver.



Thefactoryinthecitycentrewasdemolishedandrelocatedtothenorthofthecity.



Theoldwarehouseswerereplacedwithnewhotels.



Thefactorywasconvertedintoapartments.

TreesandForests:cleared,cutdown,choppeddown,removed,planted,etc. 

Theforestwascutdownandreplacedwithashoppingcentre.



Thetreeswereclearedtomakewayforhouses.

Roads,bridgesandrailwayslines:constructed,built,extended,expandedandremoved.



Themainroadwasextendedandanewbridgebuiltovertheriver.

Newfacilities:opened,setup,developed. 

Askateparkwassetupnexttotheswimmingpool.



Aparkwasdevelopedbesidetheforest.

187

Increaseanddecreaseinsize

‐ ‐

Increase:expand,extend,enlarge,broaden,widen,swell Decrease:dwindle,shrink,diminish,shrivel

Increaseanddecreaseinnumber ‐ ‐

Increase:double–triple–quadruple–quintuple,manifold Decrease:curtail,cutdown,downsize,contract

Describinglocation Youcanuse‘totheleft’and‘totheright’,butabetterwayistouse‘north’,‘south’,‘east’and‘west’. E.g.

Theforesttothesouthoftheriverwascutdown. Agolfcoursewasconstructedtothenorthoftheairport. Thehousesinthesouth‐westofthetownweredemolished. Thegreenfieldstothenorth‐westofthecitywereredevelopedasapark. Theairportinthecentreofthecitywasrelocatedtothenorth‐eastoftheriver. Theschooltothesouth‐eastwasknockeddownandanewonebuilttotheeastoftheforest.

Finally,youwillalsobeexpectedtouseprepositionsofplace,e.g.at/in/on/by/beside/to/off/from,to describewherethingsare. E.g.

Dramaticchangestookplaceinthecitycentre. Tothesouthofthetown,thereisagolfcoursesurroundedbytrees. Anewschoolwasbuiltnexttotheswimmingpool. Theoldroadrunningfromnorthtosouthwasreplacedbyanewmotorway. Amarinawasbuiltonthebanksoftheriver.

188

MODELPRACTICE

ReadthefollowingIELTSWritingtask1andcompletethefollowingexercises. Thediagramsbelowshowtheexistinggroundfloorplanofahouseandaproposedplanforsomebuilding work. Summarisetheinformationbyselectingandreportingthemainfeatures,andmakecomparisonswhere relevant. Writeatleast150words.

EXERCISEA

Discusswithapartnertoanswerthefollowingquestions. 1. Whattypeof‘Maps’taskisit?Whattenseshouldbeusedinyourresponse? ................................................................................................................................................................ 2. Intheproposedplan,wherewillthechangestakeplace? ................................................................................................................................................................ 3. Whatwillhappentotheitemsintheareamentionedinquestion2? ................................................................................................................................................................ 4. Whatitemsremainthesame? ................................................................................................................................................................ 5. Howistheoveralllivingspaceaffectedbythesechanges? ................................................................................................................................................................

189

EXERCISEB

Readthefollowingresponseandcompletethetaskbelow: IntroductorySentence:Thetwopicturescomparethecurrentlayoutofthegroundfloorofahousewitha plantoredesignthesamelivingspace. Overview: It can be seen that the new design proposal involves making a number of changes to the groundfloorofthehouse,mainlyinthecentralhallarea.Therearenoplanstochangeexternalwallsor entrances. BodyParagraph1:Themostnoticeablechangefromtheexistingtotheproposedfloorplanisthatthere will no longer be a separate hall area when the building work has been done. This will be achieved by removing the internal wall and door between the hall and living room, along with the current staircase andunder‐stairstoragecupboard. BodyParagraph2:Withnoseparatehallarea,theexpandedlivingroomwillalsocontainthestaircaseto thefirstfloor.Toreplacethecurrentstraightstaircase,anewsetofwindingstairswillbeinstalledinthe cornerofthelivingroom.Theinternaldoorbetweenthehallandkitchenwillalsobereplacedwithdouble doorsconnectingthekitchenwiththenewlivingroom.Finally,theplannedbuildingworkwillalsoinclude theinstallationofsomekitchenfurniture. MatchtheitemsincolumnAwiththoseincolumnB.AnitemincolumnAmaybematchedwithMORE THANONEitemincolumnB,andviceversa. ColumnA–typeofinformation

ColumnB‐Partoftheessay

i.itemsthatdisappear

A.Introductorysentence

ii.asummaryofdifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenthe B.Overview maps iii.itemsthatexperiencechangesintermsofshape,size

C.Bodyparagraph1

andlocation iv.whatthemapsareabout v.newlyaddeditems

190

D.Bodyparagraph2

MAINPRACTICE Youshouldspendabout20minutesonthistask. PlanAbelowshowsahealthcentrein2005.PlanBshowsthesameplaceinthepresentday. Summarisetheinformationbyselectingandreportingthemainfeatures,andmakingcomparisons whererelevant. Writeatleast150words.

EXERCISEA: MAPANALYSIS 1. Whatdotheplansabovedepict?Useyourownwords. ................................................................................................................................................................ 2. Howmanyroomsweretherein2005?Howmanyroomsaretherenow?....................................... 3. Overall,hasthehealthcentregrownlarger,smaller,orremainedthesame?..................................

191

4.Categorisethefollowingitems: A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I.

Garden Minoroperationsroom Physiotherapyroom Office Consultingrooms Entrance Children’sarea Receptiondesk Carpark

Increasein number

192

Decrease Increase innumber insize

Categories Decreased Brandnew insize

Demolished

Moved

Unchanged

EXERCISEC: Writeafullresponsetotheprompt

.................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................

193

EXTRAPRACTICE Youshouldspendabout20minutesonthistask. Thediagramsbelowshowthesiteofaschoolin2004andtheplanforchangestotheschoolsitein 2024. Summarisetheinformationbyselectingandreportingthemainfeatures,andmakecomparisons whererelevant. Writeatleast150words.

194

.................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................................

195

ADVANTAGES&DISADVANTAGES STRATEGIES DESCRIPTION Targetedskill:Discussingyourviewontheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofanissue. Twomaintypes: ‐ ‐

Type1:Whataretheadvantagesanddisadvantages? or:Discusstheadvantagesanddisadvantages Type2:Dotheadvantagesoutweighthedisadvantages? or:Isthisapositiveornegativetrend?

ACTIONPLAN 1. Step1:Studytheessayprompt(1min) ‐ Readthepromptandunderlinethekeywordstoidentify1) thetopicand2)thetaskof theprompt(i.ewhatyouhavetowriteaboutthetopic) 2. Step2:Brainstormideas(5‐7minutes) - Writeathesisstatementthatdirectlyanswersthetask - Brainstormkeyideasthatsupportthethesis - Ifthereistime,brainstormdetails(explanation,concession,examples)thatexpandthe keyideas 3. Step3:Writetheessay(20–25minutes) Suggestedformat Whataretheadvantages& disadvantages? Introduction - Paraphrasetheprompt - Thesisstatement(statethatthere areadvantagesand disadvantages) Body1:Advantages - Supportingidea1 +Explanation&Example1 - Supportingidea2 +Explanation&Example2

196

Dotheadvantagesoutweighthe disadvantages? Introduction - Paraphrasetheprompt - Thesisstatement(statewhichone outweighstheother) Body1:Weakerside - Supportingidea1(Adv.1or Disadv.1) +Explanation&Example1 - Supportingidea2(Adv.2or Disadv.2)

Body2:Disadvantages - Thesameformatasbody paragraph1 Conclusion - Summaryofthemainpoints

+Explanation&Example2 - Theweaknessofthisside (optional) Body2‐3:Strongerside - Supportingidea1(Adv.1or Disadv.1) +Explanation&Example1 - Supportingidea2(Adv.2or Disadv.2) - Whythissideoutweighstheother side(Optional) Conclusion - Summaryofthemainpointsand restateyourposition

4. Step4:Proofreadtheessay(3‐5min) USEFULEXPRESSIONS SYNONYMSOF“ADVANTAGES”AND“DISADVANTAGES” E.g.1. Oneofthemanybenefitsofoverseatravelislearninghowtocopewiththeunexpected. Muchofthecountry'smilitarystrengthliesinitsmissileforce. Themeritsofherbalteaincludecleansingbody,facilitatingsleepandhavingexotic tastes. It'sannoyingthatwecan'ttraveluntilThursday,buttheupsideisthatthefare'scheaper then. E.g.2. Oneofthedrawbacksoflivingwithsomeoneishavingtoshareabathroom. Whateverhisshortcomingsasahusband,hewasagoodfathertohischildren. Themostobviousdemeritofpublictransportisinconvenience.

Thedownsideoflivinghere,ofcourse,isthatitisexpensive. Hismainweaknessasamanagerishisinabilitytodelegate.

197

EXPRESSIONSFORADVANTAGES -

Themain/obviousadvantageof Themostimportantadvantageof+topic(nounphrase)+isthat Onemajor/evidentadvantageof Afurther/Anadditionaladvantageisthat

EXPRESSIONSFORDISADVANTAGES - However/Nevertheless/Nonetheless/On the other hand/ Despite the advantages mentionedabove,thereareundeniabledisadvantagesof(topic–nounphrase) - Themaindisadvantageof... - Onemajordrawbackof…

198

MODELPRACTICE

Readthesampleessayonnextpageandcompletetheoutlinebelow. Peoplenowhavethefreedomtoworkandliveanywhereintheworldthankstothedevelopment ofcommunicationtechnologyandtransportation. Dotheadvantagesofthisdevelopmentoutweighthedisadvantages? Sampleessay Itisnowafactthattherapidprogressinthefieldsofcommunication,technologyand transportationhasenabledpeopletoseekemploymentandresideincountriesoftheirchoice.I believethattheresultingeconomicdevelopmentofpoornationsandequalopportunities arisingfromglobalisationmeanthatthisphenomenonhasmorebenefitsthandrawbacks. Admittedly,thenewfoundlibertytoworkandliveinthecountryofone'schoicedoespose someproblemsfordevelopingnations.Onesuchproblemisbraindrain,withmostskilled workersofthirdworldnationsoptingtomigratetowesterncountries.Thisresultsinadearth oftechnicalmanpowerinthepoorernations,aswasonlytooobviousafterthe2015 earthquakeinNepal.Despitebillionsofdollarsinfundsstreaminginfromallacrosstheworld forreconstruction,therebuildingprocessexperiencedoneobstacleafteranotherasthe numberofcivilengineersandarchitects,mostofwhomhademigrated,wasinadequate. Anotherpossibledisadvantageisthatfamilytiesweakenwhenindividualsgotoworkabroad. TherateofdivorceinNepal,forinstance,hasincreasedinrecentyearswhichhasbeen attributedtohusbandsworkingabroad,whiletheirspousesareforcedtolivealoneinNepal. Thus,itcanbesaidthataspeoplegettheopportunityofworkingincountriesoftheirchoice, theymightneglecttheirresponsibilitiestofamilyandtherebyfamilylifecouldsuffer. Nevertheless,Ithinkthattheeconomicprosperityandequalityresultedfromadvancesinfree movementmorethancompensateforthedownsidesmentionedabove.Firstly,whenpeople havethefreedomtodecidewheretheywanttowork,theycanchoosehighpayingjobsthat arenotavailableintheirhomenations.Consequently,theycanearnsignificantlymoreand supporttheirfamiliesbetter.Furthermore,globalisationprovidesequalopportunitiesfor everyoneandtalentedpeoplearenolongerrestrainedbythelimitationsofpoorfacilitiesin theirnativenations.Myfather,forexample,wasabletofulfilhisdreamofworkingasa specialistinthefieldoffarmingnewsweetpepperbreedsonlyafterhemigratedtotheUKas thetechnologyrequiredforthatwaslackinginNepal.Thus,itcanbesaidthataspeoplehave morechancestoovercomefinancialortechnicallimitationsbymovingtoplaceswithbetter workingconditions,talentisgraduallybecomingthedecidingfactorforachievingsuccess.Asa result,theworld,asawhole,wouldbecomemoreegalitarianandprosperous.

199

Inconclusion,Iamoftheopinionthateconomicupliftmentandcreationofalevelplayingfield foreveryonefaroutweighsanyminordrawbacksthatcouldresultfromtheleewayindeciding thedestinationtoliveandwork. Outline Thesis:morebenefitsthandrawbacks Keyidea1:disadvantages +Supportingidea1:Braindrain ‐emigrationofskilledworkers=>shortageofmanpowerinpoornation ‐Ex:Nepalreconstructionproblemduelackofengineersandarchitects +Supportingidea2:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………..……………………………………..……………………………………..……………………………… ……………………………………..……………………………………..……………………………………..……………………………… ……………………………………..……………………………………..……………………………………..……………………………… ……………………………………..……………………………………..……………………………………..……………………………… Keyidea2:……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. +Supportingidea1:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………..……………………………………..……………………………………..……………………………… ……………………………………..……………………………………..……………………………………..……………………………… ……………………………………..……………………………………..……………………………………..……………………………… ……………………………………..……………………………………..……………………………………..……………………………… +Supportingidea2:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………..……………………………………..……………………………………..……………………………… ……………………………………..……………………………………..……………………………………..…………………………… ……………………………………..……………………………………..……………………………………..……………………………… ……………………………………..……………………………………..……………………………………..………………………………

200

MAINPRACTICE

PRACTICE1 Readthepromptbelowandcompletethetasksthatfollow Youshouldspendabout40minutesonthistask. Writeaboutthefollowingtopic. Somesaythatitwouldbebetterifthemajorityofemployeesworkedfromhomeinstead oftravellingtoworkplaceeveryday. Doyouthinktheadvantagesofworkingfromhomeoutweighthedisadvantages? Writeatleast250words. A.Brainstormideastofillintheoutlinebelow. Thesis: Weakerside1:……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Detail1:……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Detail2:……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Strongerside2:……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Detail1:……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Detail2:……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. B.Writeafullresponsetothepromptabove ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

201

202

203

EXTRAPRACTICE

Youshouldspendabout40minutesonthistask. Itisbecomingmoreandmoredifficulttoescapetheinfluenceofthemediaonourlives.Discuss theadvantagesanddisadvantagesoflivinginamediarichsociety. Givereasonsforyouranswerandincludeanyrelevantexamplesfromyourownknowledgeor experience. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

204

205

VOCABULARY SECTION

206

VOCABULARY LIST

207

WORD LIST 1 READING 1 tremendous (adj) 2 ingenious(adj)

verygreatinamountorlevel,or extremelygood (ofaperson)veryintelligentandskilful, or(ofathing)skilfullymadeorplanned andinvolvingnewideasandmethods anincreaseinexcitement,danger,or action apersonwholivesinacity,town,cave, etc

crescendo(n)

dweller(n)

toprolong(v)

tomakesomethinglastalongertime

excessive(adj)

toomuch

totolerate(v)

todevise(v)

toacceptbehaviourandbeliefsthat aredifferentfromyourown,although youmightnotagreewiththem toinventaplan,system,object,etc., usuallyusingintelligenceorimagination

sparse(adj)

smallinnumbersoramount,often spreadoveralargearea

10 permanent(adj) (adj)lastingforalongtimeorforever permanence(n) 11 settlement(n) aplacewherepeoplecometoliveor theprocessofsettlinginsuchaplace 12 oasis(n) plural:oases

1. aplaceinadesertwherethereis waterandthereforeplantsandtrees andsometimesavillageortown 2. acalm,pleasantplaceinthemiddle ofsomewherebusyandunpleasant

13 artesian(adj)

relating to the process fromwhich waterisforcedtothesurfaceby naturalpressure tosupplylandwithwatersothatcrops andplantswillgrow completeandintheoriginalstateor notdamaged

14 toirrigate(v) 15 intact(adj) 208

Examples Itisbelievedthatheartsurgeryexacts tremendousskillandconcentration. Peterissoingeniousthathecanmake themostremarkablesculpturesfrom themostordinarymaterials. Therehasbeenasharpcrescendo ofviolenceintheregion. Accordingtotherecentsurvey,the majorityofurbandwellersarelivingin smallapartments. TechnologicaladvancesinWorldWar1 ultimatelyendedupprolongingthewar inmanyways. Cropsweredestroyedbytheexcessive rainfalllastAugust. Havingtoleratedpoorworking conditionsfortoolong,shedecidedto quitherjob. Theyhavedevisedanewschemeto allowstudentstostudypart‐time. Higherupthemountain,housesbecame sparse, which means we had to pack more supplies. Shesufferedpermanentbraindamage asaresultofthecaraccident. AlargeRomansettlementhasbeen discoveredjustoutsidetheFrench town. 1. Thenorthernpartofthecountryis desert,spottedwithoases,wheremost ofthepopulationisconcentrated. 2. Ourbrieftriptothebeachwasa much‐neededoasisinasummerof hardwork. Theavailabilityofwaterfromartesian wellsmakesagriculturepossibleinthis area. Rebeccausesaninnovativewatering methodtoirrigatehercrops. Afterthebombing,thesebuildings werealmostinruinsbutmiraculously

16 civilisation(n)

17 slab(n)

18 interpretation (n)

humansocietywithitswell‐developed socialorganizations,orthecultureand wayoflifeofasocietyorcountryata particularperiodintime a thick, flat piece of a solid material, (stone,wood,metal,food,etc.)thatis usuallysquareorrectangular 1. anexplanationoropinionofwhat somethingmeans 2. aparticularwayofperforminga pieceofmusic,apartinaplay,etc.

19 monument(n)

1.astructureorbuildingthatisbuiltto honouraspecialpersonorevent 2. anoldbuildingorplacethatisan importantpartofacountry'shistory

20 tocarve(v)

tomakesomethingbycuttinginto especiallywoodorstone,ortocutinto thesurfaceofstone,wood,etc. wordsthatarewrittenorcutin something togrowordevelopsuccessfully

21 inscription(n) 22 toflourish(v)

23 elaborate (adj) 24 prosper(v)

25 reverence(n)

LISTENING 1 stationwagon (phrase)

pedestrian street(phrase)

plannedorcarriedoutwithgreatcare (ofapersonorabusiness)tobeor becomesuccessful,especially financially afeelingofrespectoradmirationfor someoneorsomething

acarwithalongerbodythanusual, incorporatingalargecarryingarea behindtheseatsandhavinganextra doorattherearforeasyloading acar‐free,orauto‐free,area

onehousewhereanumberofsurvivors werefoundstillremainedintact. Conquestofnatureisfundamentalto humanprogress,andatthecentreof thedevelopmentofhumancivilisation. Asidewalkisoftencomposedofone cementslabafteranother—theseare sometimescalledpavingslabs. 1. Theevidenceallowsofonlyone interpretation‐hewasmurderedbyhis girlfriend. 2. Herinterpretationof“Beethoven SymphonyNo.9”wasoneofthebest performancesever. 1. Thesurvivorsofthebattlelaunched aprojecttoraisefundsforamonument tocommemoratetheirhistoricactions. 2. Stonehengeisoneoftheworld's bestknownmonumentsoftheancient times. Hecarvedhisnameonhiswooden desk. Theheadstoneinscriptionreads:“Here liesAdam,whoisagreatbusinessman” Mycropsareflourishingthissummer‐ itmustbethewarmweatherandthe sufficientsupplyofwater! Sheandherboyfriendcameupwithan elaborateplantomurderherhusband. Destinyliesinyourownhands,butto developandprosperyoumustbe preparedtoworkhard. Hewillberememberedwith reverence bythecountlessnumbersofpeople whoseliveshetouchedandinfluenced. Weboughtastationwagonsothat everyoneinthefamilycouldhavea comfortableseatwithagoodview. NguyenHuepedestrianstreetinDistrict 1hasbeendrawingmorelocalvisitors andforeigntouriststostreet performances. 209

notfollowingtheintendedroute

offcourse (phrase) make(n)

block(n)

agroupofbuildingsboundedbyfour streets

SPEAKING 1 apparel(n)

themanufacturerortradenameofa particularproduct

clothesofaparticulartypewhenthey arebeingsoldinashop

haveaneyefor something (expression)

beabletounderstandorappreciate something

makeonline transactions (expression) stuckbehinda desk (expression)

buyorsellsomethingonline

theperkofthe job(expression)

anadvantageorsomethingextra,such asmoneyorgoods,thatyouaregiven becauseofyourjob

WRITING 1 circulate(v)

unhappyinanofficejob

goaroundorthroughsomething

fuel(v)

distribute(v)

supplyasystemwithasubstancethat canbeburnedtoprovideheator power spreadorsupplysomething

ensure(v)

makesomethingcertaintohappen

passthrough(v) gopast

210

Itwasmeanttobearoutineflight,but theplaneendedup2000kmoffcourse. Manyracersdrivecertainmakesor modelsbecausetheylovethelookor feelofthecar. Mostresidentialblocksofflatsinthis areawerebuiltbylocalauthoritiesin the1950s. Choosingtherightapparelinthe competitionplaysanimportantrolein thesuccessofanathlete. Shecertainlyhadaneyeforart,which explains,ofcourse,whyshewasa successfulartdealer. Don’tuseyourcreditcardtomake onlinetransactionsonapublic computerifyoucanhelpit. Becomingafoodtruckoperatorallows youmeetnewpeople,contributeto yourcommunityanditdefinitelywon't keepyoustuckbehindadeskdayafter day. Oneoftheperksofthejobasateacher istheopportunitiestomasterasubject whenyouhavetodigdeeptoanswer yourstudents’questions.

Asyoucansee,hotwatercirculates throughtheheatingsystem. Enricheduraniumcanbeusedtofuel powerplantsortomakeweapons. Thecompanyaimseventuallyto distributeitsproductsthroughoutthe country. Theairlineistakingstepstoensure safetyonitsaircraft. Itiscalculatedthatathousandtrains passthroughthisstationeachday.

WORD LIST 2 READING 1 preoccupy(v)

tobethemainthoughtin someone'smind,causingother thingstobeforgotten tointernalise(v) 1. toacceptorabsorbanidea, (US:internalize) opinion,belief,etc.sothatit becomespartofyourcharacter 2. donotallowsomethingtoshow althoughyouthinkaboutit

albeit (conjunction)

although

tooptfor(v)

toimpose(v)

municipal(adj)

tomakeachoice,especiallyofone thingorpossibilityinsteadof others 1. toofficiallyforcearule,tax, punishment,etc.tobeobeyedor received 2. toforcesomeonetoaccept something,especiallyabeliefor wayofliving oforbelongingtoatownorcity

toentail(v)

incinerator(n)

immense(adj)

10 glamorous(adj) 11 emerge(v)

12 densely populated (collocation) 13 todetach(v)

Examples Thequestionsoflifeafterdeathandthe meaningoftimehavepreoccupiedmany philosophers. 1. Depressionisseenbymanyassomething shamefulorembarrassing,andit'sveryeasy tointernalizethatattitude. 2. Manypeopletendtointernalizetheir anxietyanddistress,whichmaygradually affecttheirhealth. Negotiationseemstobesolvingtheconflict betweentwopartiesalbeittheprocessis quiteslow. Manystudentsoptforbusinessstudies simplybecauseitsoundslikeapassporttoa goodjob. 1. Thecouncilhasimposedabanonalcohol inthecityparks. 2. Forcedmarriageisimposedonsome SouthAsianwomenbytheirparents.

Themunicipalgovernmenthasbeentaking stepstosolvethecity'shousingproblems. tomakesomethingnecessary,orto Suchalargeinvestmentinevitablyentails involvesomething somerisk. adeviceforburningthingsthatare Environmentally speaking, using an nolongerwanted incinerator to combust waste to generate electricity is largely untenable. extremelylargeinsizeordegree

Itisbelievedthatwhenyoueatcarbsyou willgainanimmenseamountofweight. attractiveinanexcitingandspecial Themediafocusasmuchonhisglamorous way lifestyleasonhisflourishingbusiness. (v)toappearbycomingoutof Thereisgrowingevidencethattheeconomy somethingortocometotheendof isfinallyemergingfromrecession. adifficultperiodorexperience containingalotofthingsorpeople Themostdenselypopulatedsovereign inasmallarea nationisMonaco,withapopulationdensity of18,713people/km2. Ifyouwanttogiveyourownfeedback, toseparateorremovesomething pleasedetachthelowerpartoftheform fromsomethingelsethatitis fromthisletterandreturnittotheabove connectedto address. 211

14 adhesive(n) (n)glue (adj) (adj)sticky 15 remarkable(adj) unusualorspecialandtherefore surprisingandworthmentioning 16 toresist(v) resistance(n)

17 reversible(adj)

18 accommodate (v)

19 predator(n) 20 adequate(adj)

LISTENING 1 reef(noun) 2 3

7 212

You'llneedsomestrongadhesivetomend thatchair leg back onto the chair. Herachievementsareevenmore remarkableforthefactthatsheembarked onauniversityeducationinherfifties. (v)towithstandtheactionoreffect Thedrugwillhelpyourbodyresistinfection. ofsomething (n)therefusaltoacceptorcomply withsomethingortheabilitynotto beaffectedbysomething canbechangedbacktowhatitwas Hebelievesthatclimatechangemaystillbe before reversibleaslongaswetrytoreduceour carbonfootprints. 1. toprovidewithaplacetoliveor 1. Thelocalgovernmenthasthusfarbuilt shelterstoaccommodatepeoplefromthe tobestoredin area. 2. togivewhatisneededto 2. Wealwaystrytoaccommodateour someone clientswithfinancialassistanceifnecessary. 3. tochangeyourselforyour behaviourtosuitanotherpersonor 3. Itisdifficulttoaccommodatethewishes ofallinthecommunitybutwetrytogetit newconditions rightasfaraswepossiblycan. ananimalthathunts,kills,andeats Thepopulationofrabbitsiscontrolledby otheranimals naturalpredatorssuchasbearsandwolves. enoughorsatisfactoryfora Statisticalfigureshaveshownthatcurrent particularpurpose oilsuppliesaremorethanadequateto satisfydemand.

alineofrocksorsandjustaboveor Belowarebeautifulcoralreefs,turtles, justbelowthesurfaceofthesea sharksandacleanoceanfloor. sandstone Atypeofrockformedfromsand Madeofsand‐likequartz,sandstonecomes (noun) inavarietyofcolours. tide(n) thealternaterisingandfallingof Thetidecomesinveryquicklyhereandyou theseaduetotheattractionofthe cansoonfindyourselfstranded. moonandsun stonework(n) astructureorpartbuiltofstone,or Thefurnishingsarechunky,withrustic theshaping,preparation,orsetting cabinetsandseatingcarvedoutof ofstone stonework. commencement abeginningorstart Dearpassengers,pleaseturnoffyourmobile (n) phonesbeforethecommencementofthe flight. sequel(n) apublished,broadcast,orrecorded LikeTransformers,manysuccessfulmovies haveseveralsequels. workthatcontinuesthestoryor developsthethemeofanearlier one comprehensive complete;includingallornearlyall Weofferyouacomprehensivetraininginall (adj) elementsoraspectsofsomething aspectsofthebusiness.

colonialperiod (phrase)

SPEAKING 1 letyourhair down(idiom) 2

haveawhaleof atime(idiom)

itisjustwhat thedoctor ordered(idiom) 4 watchtheworld goby(idiom) 5 rechargeone’s batteries (idiom) WRITING 1 accountable (adj) 2 culprit(n)

epidemic(n)

sedentary(adj)

laden(adj)

aperiodinacountry'shistorywhen InfrontofMongPhuCommunalHouse itwassubjecttoadministrationby standstheCouncilHall,anexampleof acolonialpower architecturefromtheFrenchcolonialperiod, whichhasbeenkeptrelativelyintact. allowyourselftobehavemuch morefreelythanusualandenjoy yourself enjoyyourselfverymuch

exactlywhatiswantedorneeded

lookatpeopleastheygopast restandrelaxforaperiodoftime sothatyoufeelenergeticagain

Comeon,George!It'sSaturdaynightsowhy don'tyoustopbeingsoseriousandletyour hairdownforachange? Tomhadawhaleofatimeatthepartylast night,talking,laughingwitheverybody,and evensingingonthestage. WhenIamstillhalfasleepintheearly morning,astrongcupofcoffeeisjustwhat thedoctorordered. Terracesaregreatplacesfromwhichto watchtheworldgobywithacupoftea. Lookingupnewhikingtrailsonlineor spendingthedayatthebeacharegreat waystorechargeyourbatteries.

requiredorexpectedtojustify actionsordecisions;responsible afactorsituationthatisthereason forsomethingbadhappening

Politiciansshouldbeaccountabletothe publicwhoelectedthem. Childreninthiscountryaregettingobese, withsugarandsweetsbeingthemain culprits. theappearanceofaparticular TheworstscenarioforthecurrentSARS diseaseinalargenumberofpeople epidemicwouldbeifitstormedintoourvast atthesametime ruralareas. involvinglittleexerciseorphysical Asedentarylifestylewithoutatleast activity moderatephysicalactivityisassociatedwith anincreasedriskofhealthproblems. carryingorholdingalotof Healwayscomesbackfromhistripsabroad something ladenwithpresentsforeveryone.

213

WORD LIST 3 READING 1 intellectual (adj)(n)

speculation(n)

parchment(n)

manuscript(n)

unscrupulous (adj) toconfiscate (v)

(adj)relatingtoyourabilitytothink andunderstandthings,especially complicatedideas (n)apersonpossessingahighly developedintellect theactivityofguessingpossible answerstoaquestionwithouthaving enoughinformationtobecertain thethin,driedskinofsomeanimals thatwasusedinthepastforwriting on,orahigh‐qualitypapermadeto looklikethis/adocumentwrittenon parchment 1.theoriginalcopyofabookorarticle beforeitisprinted 2. anolddocumentorbookwrittenby handinthetimesbeforeprintingwas invented behavinginawaythatisdishonestor unfairinordertogetwhatyouwant takeorseize(someone'sproperty) withauthority

reimbursem*nt theactofpayingback,orthemoney (n) thatispaidback

precipitation (n)

fast‐paced (adj)

10 fedup(with) (collo) 11 alternative(n) (adj)

214

waterthatfallsfromtheclouds towardstheground,especiallyasrain orsnow happeningveryquickly

Examples Such was his intellectual ability that he was able to skip lectures yet still graduate with flyingcolours. He was an intellectual with an interest in philosophy. Theprofitabilityofthetradehasgivenrise tospeculationthatmoneyfromwildlifeis financingterroristactivities. Parchmentwaswhatpeopleusedtowrite onbeforepaperwascommon,hundreds ofyearsago.

1. Hesentthe200‐pagemanuscripttohis publisher. 2. AnentiremanuscriptofUrduwrittenin RomanisaprecioustreasureoftheLahore Museum. Thenaiveandinnocentareluredawayby unscrupulousagents. TheyconfiscatedmycameraafterIfilmed thebandplayinganunreleasedsongattheir concert. Thecompanyprovidesitsemployeeswith enviablebenefitssuchasreimbursem*ntfor educationalexpenses. Iftherisingairishumidenough,water vapourinitwillcondenseintocloudsand maybeprecipitation. Thefast‐pacedactionandrapid‐fire dialogueinthismoviekeepthingsmovingat abriskpace. Wearefedupwiththebrokenpromisesand fedupwithbeingbottomofthepile.

bored,annoyed,ordisappointed, especiallybysomethingthatyouhave experiencedfortoolong (n)somethingthatisdifferentfrom The lack of alternatives to an illegal somethingelse,especiallyfromwhat action does not legitimise that action. isusual,andofferingthepossibilityof choice Hedevelopedanalternativedesignforthe (adj)availableasanotherpossibility newenginejustincasethefirstdesignhas anyflaws.

12 counterpart(n) apersonorthingthathasthesame purposeasanotheroneinadifferent placeororganization 13 troublesome causingalotofproblemsforsomeone (adj) 14 sophisticated (adj) 15 biased(adj)

16 rigorous(adj)

17 priority(n) prioritize(v) prioritization (n)

18 phenomenon (n) phenomena (plural)

19 toinitiate(v) initiative(n)

20 misguide(v)

(ofamachine,system,ortechnique) developedtoahighdegreeof complexity showinganunreasonablelikeor dislikeforapersonbasedonpersonal opinions extremelythoroughandcareful.

(n)somethingthatisveryimportant andmustbedealtwithbeforeother things (v)todecidewhichofa*groupof thingsarethemostimportantsothat youcandealwiththemfirst (n)theactofprioritizing 1. somethingthatexistsandcanbe seen,felt,tasted,etc.,especially somethingunusualorinteresting 2. someoneorsomethingthatis extremelysuccessful,oftenbecauseof specialqualitiesorabilities (v)tocausesomethingtobegin (n)anewplanorprocesstoachieve somethingorsolveaproblem/the poweroropportunitytoactortake chargebeforeothersdo

toguideordirectwronglyorbadly

21 pragmatic(adj) solvingproblemsinasensibleway thatsuitstheconditionsthatreally existnow,ratherthanobeyingfixed theories,ideas,orrules 22 tooppose(v) (v)todisagreewithsomethingor opposition(n) someone,oftenbyspeakingor fightingagainstit,him,orher (n)strongdisagreement

TheprimeministeristomeethisEuropean counterpartstodiscussthewaragainst terrorism. Thisgrasshopperisthemosttroublesome speciesattackingglasshouseand houseplants. Thesophisticatedelectronicsenable thehelicoptertooperateatnight. Ithinkshe'sbeautifulbutthenI'mbiased sinceshe'smygirlfriend. Theagencyiscommittedtorigoroussafety testingbeforethenewproductlineis releasedtothepublic. Thesafetyofthecountrytakespriorityover anyothermatter. Itisimportanttoprioritisegoodnews storiesandtoreleasethesestoriesand progressofpositiveandworthyprojectsinto thepublicdomain 1. Lightningisoneofthemostfascinating yetbeautifulnaturalweatherphenomena thatweseehereonEarth. 2. Hip‐hophaslongbeenoneofthemost fashion‐consciousculturalphenomenain America. Thecouncilinitiatesitsownstudiesand carriesoutresearchattherequestofprivate organizations. Thepolicyinitiativeincludesmeasuresto improvetheinvestmentclimateinthe countryandthelaunchingofanew investmentlaw. Scenes of smoking and violence on TV can misguide the public, especially the youth. Hepraisedthepracticalandpragmatic approachofthecollegeindevelopinga curriculumofcoursesdesignedtohelp studentsgetonintheworkplace. Teachershavevigorouslyopposedthe proposednewtestingsystemwhichismuch moredifficultthanbefore. 215

23 equivalent (adj) LISTENING 1 flamingo(n)

algae(n)

captivity(n)

havingthesameamount,value, purpose,qualities,etc.

Animperialgallonisequivalentto4546 cubiccentimetres.

alargebirdwithpinkfeathers,long, thinlegs,alongneck,andabeakthat curvesdown verysimple,usuallysmallplantsthat growinornearwateranddonothave ordinaryleavesorroots

Wetlandsarealureforgeese,swans,ducks, egrets,storks,heronsandtheiconofthe Camargue,thepinkflamingo. Nutrientsflowingintostreams,riversand theoceanfromagricultureandwastewater stimulateanovergrowthofalgaeinthe area. Animalsbredincaptivitywouldprobablynot surviveiftheywerereleasedintothewild.

thesituationinwhichapersonor animaliskeptsomewhereandisnot allowedtoleave distinctive(adj) easytorecognizebecauseitis differentfromotherthings

todepict(v)

torepresentorshowsomethingina pictureorstory

continuation (n)

novel(adj)

thefactofcontinuingorathingthat continuesorfollowsfromsomething else newandoriginal,notlikeanything seenbefore

SPEAKING 1 inthelongrun (expression) 2

getunderneath thesurfaceof… (expression) 3 ground‐level work (expression) 4 spontaneityof travel (expression) 5 apeople person (expression) WRITING 1 interval(n)

216

atatimethatisfarawayinthefuture

focusonthedeeperaspectsof something/someone entry level manual work

Somespeciesinthiszoohavedistinctive markingsontheirheads,whichmakesthem easilyrecognizable. Theexhibitionshowedanumberof paintings,depictingawidespectrumof society. Thecontinuationofthestrikeforover10 daysreallycausedalotofhardship. Thenovelideawhichaimstopromote healthyeatinghabitsforschoolchildrenis appreciatedbyparentsaroundthecountry. Investinginenergy‐efficienttechnology meansspendingabitnow,butinthelong runit'llsaveusalotofmoney. Whenyouwriteyourbookreports,please getunderneaththesurfaceofthetextand analysetheauthor'sstylisticchoices. Youdonotneedadegree,oranyschooling todoground‐levelwork.

makingnoplanwhiletravelling

Travellingwithfamilyorchildrenmaycost youthespontaneityoftravelandadventure.

someonewhoisgoodatdealingwith people

Colleaguessayshe'sapeoplepersonwho canreallymotivateateam.

aperiodbetweentwoeventsortimes

Weseeeachotheratregularintervals‐ usuallyaboutonceamonth.

allocate(v)

synonymof“spend”(money)

range(v)

prevalent(adj)

haveanupperandalowerlimitin amount,number existingverycommonlyorhappening often

enrol(v) AE:enroll

putyourselforsomeoneelseonan officiallistforanactivityorfor membership

Thelocalcouncilhasdecidednottoallocate fundsfortheprojectbecauseitturnsoutto benotpractical. Inmycountry,averagetemperaturesinJuly rangefrom15to25degrees. Thesediseasesaremoreprevalentamong youngchildrensincetheirimmunesystemis notwelldevelopedenough. Wehaveenrolledonehundredchildrenin thisday‐careprogram.

217

WORD LIST 4 READING

Examples

instantaneous (adj)

happeningimmediately,without anydelay

With the instantaneous and free flow of information brought about by the Internet, what happens in a remote part of the world could reach us in a matter of minutes.

cumulative(adj)

increasingbyoneadditionafter another

insulation(n)

theactofcoveringsomethingto stopheat,sound,orelectricity fromescapingorentering

Thecumulativeeffectsofusingsomany chemicalsonthelandcouldbedisastrous,but sadlylocalpeopleonlycareaboutthehuge profitsthattheycanget. A new type of fibre is now used as roof insulation, which can keeps your home warmer.

incentive(n)

somethingthatencouragesa persontodosomething

equitable(adj)

treatingeveryonefairlyandinthe sameway

yield(v)

1. toproduceorprovide(a natural,agricultural,orindustrial product) 2. togivewaytoarguments, demands,orpressure apersonwhopaysrentforthe useoflandorabuilding asystemofwiresthroughwhich electricityisconnectedto differentpowerstationsacrossa region despite

tenant(n)

grid(n)

irrespective(of) (adv)

10 hitherto(adv)

11 outstrip(v)

12 surplus(n) 13 prevail(v) 218

Onewaytoencouragechildrenistogivethem anincentiveorrewardiftheydowellintheir exams. Akeyfactorinsustainableeconomic developmentistheequitabledistributionof wealth. 1. Fortunately,favourableweatheryieldeda goodcrop. 2. InMay1915Viennareluctantlyyieldedto Germanpressure. Landlordswhoarecurrentlyindebtmay sufferiftenantscannotpaytheirrentontime. Iwishthepresidentcomeupwithnew solutionstoexpandourgridsothatpeoplein theruralareascanhaveelectricitytouse.

Therearepeoplewholikebrandeditems, irrespectiveofthepricebecausetheybelieve thatahighpriceequalshighquality. untilnoworuntilaparticulartime TheDVDalsocontains20minutesofhitherto unseenfootageandfourextratracksthat werenotavailablemanyyearsago. Demandforaccesstotheinternationalairport tobeorbecomegreaterin is10000passengersperday,whichgreatly amount,degree,orsuccessthan outstripsitsowncapacityofmerely5000 somethingorsomeone passengersperday. (anamountthatis)morethanis Becauseoftherecenteconomiccrisis,weare needed unlikelytoproduceanysurplusthisyear. 1. togetcontrolorinfluence 1. TheRepublicansareexpectedtoprevailin nextyear'selection.

14 hierarchical(adj)

2. tobecommonamongagroup ofpeopleorareaataparticular time arrangedinanorderfromthe mosttotheleastimportant

15 mechanistic(adj)

thinkingoflivingthingsasifthey weremachines

16 intriguing(adj)

veryinterestingbecauseofbeing unusualormysterious

17 poised(adj)

1. readytodoaparticularthingat anymoment 2. showingverycalmand controlledbehaviour

18 converge(v)

tocomefromotherplacesto meetinaparticularplace (n)averystrongwind (adj)verystrong.

19 gale(n) gale‐force(adj)

20 rationality(n)

21 consolidation(n)

22 hypothesis(n)

23 cortex(n) 24 selectivity(n)

25 susceptible(adj) LISTENING 1 nucleus(n)

theexistenceofreasonsor intentionsforaparticularsetof thoughtsoractions;reason theprocessofbecomingorof makingsomethingstrongeror moresuccessful

2. Villages will always win over towns because the community spirit prevails more with lesser areas of population. InJapan'shierarchicalsociety,manypeople thinkitisimpropertoassumejobstowhich theynotbeenassigned. Accordingtomechanisticviewsofbehaviour, humanactioncanbeexplainedintermsof causeandeffect.Unfortunately,everything seemsmuchmorecomplexthanthat. Thewaythestoryunfoldsisintriguing,butat almost1000pagesandnochapterbreaks,the readingmightbeabitdauntingforsome. 1. Afterwarmingup,theadrenalinehad startedpumpingaroundmybody,IfeltIwas readyforanything;alertandpoised. 2. He'sapoisedman,verymuchincontrolof whathesaysand,ultimately,whatweare allowedtoknowabouthim. Duetoroadworks,threelanesoftraffichave toconvergeintotwo. ‐Hundredsofoldtreeswereblowndownin thegales. ‐Meteorologistspredictedupcominggale‐ forcewindsnextmonth. Withoutrationality,youaremerelyan emotionalbeast.

Hepromisedresponsiblefinancial managementinaperiodofconsolidationthat willgetthefundamentalsrightandplanfor thefutureofhiscompany. anideaorexplanationfor Allscientistsdoistrytogeneralisehypotheses somethingthatisbasedonknown fromevidenceandthenattempttotestthem factsbuthasnotyetbeenproved infuture. theouterlayer,especiallyofthe Thefrontalcortexisimportantinplanning, brainandotherorgans impulsecontrol,andattention. This year, the college predicts it will receive the quality of carefully choosing more applications, which will probably someone or something as the increase its selectivity. best or most suitable. easilyinfluencedorharmed Theseunprotectednetworksareextremely susceptibletoterroristattacks. (biology)thepartofacellthat controlsitsgrowth.

DNAisstoredinthenucleusofacell.

219

2 3

fromscratch (phrase) toincorporate(v)

totangle(v)

genome(n)

completesetofhumangenetic material

laboratory(n)

drill(noun)

Aroomorbuildingequippedfor scientificresearch. anactivitythatpractisesa particularskillandofteninvolves repeatingthesamethingseveral times

SPEAKING 1 fleshandblood (idiom) 2 squabble(about)

(be)thespitting imageofsomeone (idiom) runinthefamily (idiom)

fromthebeginning,withoutusing anythingthatalreadyexists toincludesomethingaspartof somethinglarger tobecomeorform,ortomake somethinginto,anuntidymass

youhavethesamegenesor that youarerelatedor very close argueoversomethingthatisnot important tolookextremelysimilarto someone. acharactertraitoraphysical featureisfoundinmanypeople withinthesamefamily. asonordaughtermightrepeat thebehaviourthattheyseein theirfatherormother.

theappledoesn’t fallfarfromthe tree(idiom) WRITING 1 lifeexpectancy(n) thelengthoftimethataliving thing,especiallyahumanbeing,is likelytolives 2 posebudgetary causebudget‐relatedproblems challenges (expression) 3 ratio(n) arelationshipbetweenthesizesof twonumbersoramounts 4 gerontologist(n) apersonwhostudiesoldage

grapple(v)

220

fight in close proximity,especially inordertowinsomething

Withthehelpofhisparents,hebuilthisown computercompanyfromscratch. Suggestionsfromthesurveyhavebeen incorporatedintothefinaldesign. Thesingerkepttanglinghismikewirearound thingsandalmostknockedthestandover twice. Forthefirsttime,theydiscovered15different regionsofthehumangenomeassociatedwith thedevelopmentofdepression. Laboratorytestssuggestthatthenewdrug maybeusedtotreatcancer. Insomeofthesewell‐knownschools,army‐ styledrillsareusedtoinstilasenseof discipline.

OfcourseIcareaboutherwell‐beingbecause mysisterismyfleshandbloodafterall. Somechildrenoftensquabbleaboutsuch simplethingsaswhogetstositinthefront seatofthecar. Lookingatthefamilyalbum,everybodyagrees thatJosieisthespittingimageofhergranny atthesameage. Weakeyesruninthefamily,becauseofwhich mostmembersinmyfamilywearglasses. Thediva’sdaughtersoonshowedherown musicaltalent,provingthattheappledoesn't fallfarfromthetree. AIDSalreadyhassharplyreducedlife expectancyinmanyAfricancountries. Upwardpressureonprescriptiondrug spendingwillcontinuetoposebudgetary challengesforthefederalgovernment. Theratioofgirlstoboysisprobablyoneto four. Oneofthepioneeringgerontologists,Robert NeilButler,pushedforcareandrespectofthe elderly. Thechildrengrappledfortheball.

WORD LIST 5 READING 1 toexcavate(v) excavation(n)

evident(adj)

merely(adv)

unprecedented(adj)

careerpath(n)

constituent(n)(adj)

credible(adj) credibility(n)

subsidy(n) tosubsidize(v)

archaeology(n) archaeological(adj)

10 duplicate(v) duplication(n)

11 commodity(n)

(v)removeearthcarefullyand systematicallyfrom(anarea)in ordertofindburiedremains (n)theactionofexcavating something,especiallyan archaeologicalsite. plainorobvious;clearlyseenor understood.

Examples Archaeologistsfirstbeganexcavating theremainsofa1,000‐year‐oldcastle locatedonthesitein1936.

Thefullextentofthedamageonly becameevidentthefollowing morning. usedtoemphasizethatyoumean Thisscarfismerelydecorative.Don’t exactlywhatyouaresayingand expectitmuchwarmthfromwearing nothingmore it. neverhavinghappenedorexisted Thegovernmenttookthe inthepast unprecedentedstepofreleasing confidentialcorrespondence. thewaythatyouprogressinyour Idon'tknowwhatfuturecareerpath work,eitherinonejoborina mightsuitmebutI'mtoldIrelatewell seriesofjobs topeople. oneofthepartsthatasubstance Riceisoneessentialconstituentof orcombinationismadeof mostAsiandiets. (adj)abletobebelievedortrusted Heimpressedmeasanintelligentand honestwitnessandIfoundhis (n)thefactthatsomeonecanbe accountwhollycredible. believedortrusted (n)moneygivenaspartofthecost Thepublictransportsystemin ofsomething,tohelporencourage Vietnamstillreliesheavilyon governmentalsubsidies. ittohappen (v)topaypartofthecostof something Thepurposeofarchaeologyisto (n)thestudyofthebuildings, understandthepastbystudyingits graves,tools,andotherobjects thatbelongedtopeoplewholived materialculture. inthepast,inordertolearnabout theircultureandsociety (adj)involvingorrelatingto archaeology Thefirstquestiontoansweris (v)tomakeanexactcopyof whetheryourbusinesssuccesscanbe something (n)theactorprocessofmakingan easilyduplicatedbysomeoneelse. exactcopyofsomething 1. asubstanceorproductthatcan 1.Pepperusedtoanextremely betraded,bought,orsold luxuriouscommodityinancient 2. avaluablequality Europe. 221

12 philosophical(adj)

13 cardio‐vascular(adj)

14 mitigation(n)

15 worthwhile(adj)

16 periphery(n)

17 ubiquity(n) ubiquitous(adj) 18 toformulate(v)

19 forthcoming(adj)

20 indication(n)

21 (in)sufficient(adj) LISTENING 1 moderately(adv) 222

2. Weneedmoreflexibilityinthe system,astimewithpatientsisa valuablecommodity. 1. Therearenosourcesof 1. relatingordevotedtothestudy ofthefundamentalnatureof philosophicalknowledgethatstand knowledge,reality,andexistence. independentof,andpriorto,the 2. havingorshowingacalm naturalsciences. attitudetowarddisappointments 2. Herevisitsthatdisappointingperiod ordifficulties. inhislifeandisphilosophicalabout whatwentwrong. relatingtotheheartandblood Excessivefastfoodconsumptionhas vessels beenprovedtocauseanincreased riskofcardiovasculardiseases. theactionofreducingtheseverity, Thisisastrategynotofflood seriousness,orpainfulnessof preventionbutoffloodmitigationand something control. worththetime,money,oreffort Positivestafffeedbackprovedthe spent;ofvalueorimportance eventwasaworthwhileandvalued learningexperience. 1. theouteredgeofanarea 1. Locatedonthewesternperipheryof Europe,Portugalhasalwaysbeenon 2. thelessimportantpartofa grouporactivity theedge,lookingoutwards. 2. Mostpart‐timepositionsare locatedintheperipheryofthe organization. (n)thefactthatsomethingor Theubiquityofmobilephonesmeans someoneseemstobeeverywhere youdon'treallyneedawatch. (adj)seemingtobeeverywhere todevelopallthedetailsofaplan Wemetwithmembersoftheunit fordoingsomething teamseveraltimestoformulatea strategy. happeningsoon TheSpiceGirlswilldefinitelybe appearingattheforthcomingLive charityconcert. 1. Feverisacommonsystemofillness 1. asignthatsomethingexists,is true,orislikelytohappen inchildrenandcanbeanindication 2. asuitableactionthatis foraninfection. suggestedbysomething 2. Theindicationfromthescoredata isforustoprovidemoreextensive trainingforreadingteaching methodology. enoughforaparticularpurpose Hetriedhisbesttoavoidthecarbutit wasn'tsufficienttostoptheaccident. tosomedegree

I'mmoderatelysatisfiedwithallof them,Ithink,butnotterribly.

hollow(adj)

emptyinside

relent(v)

toactinalesssevereway

gruelling(adj)

extremelytiringanddifficult,

ethic(n)

temperate(adj)

shelter(n)

asystemofacceptedbeliefsthat controlbehaviour,especiallysuch asystembasedonmorals (ofweatherconditions)neither veryhotnorverycold protectionfrombadweather, danger,orattack

stillsphotography (phrase)

epidemic(n)

10 bolster(v)

SPEAKING 1 primetime(n)

acommercialbreak (n)

3 4

(be)engrossedin (adj) comehighly recommended (expression)

viewership(n)

Stillsphotographyinvolvestaking photosofthefilmmakingprocess. Theseareoftenusedfor promotingthefilmandasa documentaryrecord. theappearanceofaparticular diseaseinalargenumberof peopleatthesametime theappearanceofaparticular diseaseinalargenumberof peopleatthesametime intelevisionandradio broadcasting,thetimewhenthe largestnumberofpeopleare watchingorlistening. ashortinterruptionofatelevision orradioprogrammetobroadcast advertisem*nts givingallyourattentionto something havinganexcellentreputation

thetypeornumberofpeoplewho watchaparticulartelevision programmeorstation

Ihadn'thadbreakfast,andmy stomachfelthollow. Theraindidnotrelent,andeven seemedtobeenhancedattimesasits pathbecamemorehorizontal. Theworkweekwassixdays,andeach workdaywasagruelling12hours. Overthepastthreedecades environmentalismhasevolvedfroma socialmovementtoasocietalethic. Thetemperateclimatehasmildto warmsummersandcoolwinters AccordingtoMinistryofHealthdata, asofFriday,15,019floodvictimswere stayingintemporarysheltersinthe capital. Stillsphotographyisstillanimportant toolintherepertoireoffilm promotiontechniques.

InrecentweeksanepidemicofH5N1 flubrokeout. Numerousproductsclaimtobolster strengthorenduranceinsports.

‘Vietnam’sgottalent’isbeingshown duringprimetime,inwhichmillionsof viewerscanenjoytheshow! Iwishthatwecouldenjoythewhole moviewithoutcommercialbreaks. Theyarereallyirritating. Tomwassoengrossedinhisbookthat hedidn'thearthefrontdoorbell. Thenovelhadcomehighly recommendedtomebyseveral friends,soIwasreallylookingforward toreadingthebook. Incomparingmediausage,online trafficgrowthcoincidedmostclosely withtherapiddeclineintelevision viewership. 223

WRITING 1 commence(v)

start

proceed(v)

continue

penultimate(adj)

secondtothelast

specialised(adj)

relatingtooneparticularareaor designedforaparticularpurpose

machinery(n)

agroupoflargemachinesorthe partsofamachinethatmakeit work

224

Wewillcommencebuildingworkin Augustofnextyear. Negotiationsproceededalmost continuouslyuntilthenextday,when thetwosidesreachedatentative settlement. Hisscorewasthefifthbestofalltime, despiteonlytakingtheleadafterthe penultimateevent. TheCentreisaspecialisedsocialcare institution,aimedatprovidingsupport tofosterfamiliesandchildren. Thewaterdivertedfromthe mainstreamendsupturningamill wheel,settingothermachineryin motion.

WORD LIST 6 READING 1 arid(adj)

enclosure(n)

outbreak(n)

hostile(adj)

epidemic(n)

tosuspend(v)

quarantine(n)

tosuspect(v)

toisolate(v) isolation(n)

10 proactive(adj)

11 toconceal(v)

12 toconfront(v) 13 toconcede(v)

1. verydryandwithoutenoughrainfor plants 2. notinterestingandshowingno imagination anareasurroundedbyfencesorwalls atimewhensomethingsuddenly begins,especiallyadiseaseor somethingdangerousorunpleasant unfriendlyandnotlikingsomething theappearanceofaparticulardisease inalargenumberofpeopleatthe sametime tostopsomethingfrombeingactive, eithertemporarilyorpermanently aperiodoftimeduringwhichananimal orpersonthatmighthaveadiseaseis keptawayfromotherssothatthe diseasecannotspread 1.tothinkorbelievesomethingtobe trueorprobable 2. tothinkthatsomeonehas committedacrimeordonesomething wrong 3. tonottrust;todoubt (v)toseparatesomething/someone fromtheother (n)theconditionofbeingalone/ separated takingactionbycausingchangeand notonlyreactingtochangewhenit happens topreventsomethingfrombeingseen orknownabout toface,meet,ordealwithadifficult situationorperson 1.toadmit,oftenunwillingly,that somethingistrue

Examples 1. Itisanaridclimatewithafew registeredinchesofrainfallinanormal year. 2. Thistownhasanarid,emptyfeel Couldzoosdesignenclosurestokeep vulnerableanimalsproperly? Thecountry'sprisonsaresocongested thattheyarepronetodiseaseoutbreaks. Shewasangryandhostilebecauseshefelt outofcontrolandscared. Wehaveasuddenepidemicofobesity thathasemergedoverthepast15years. Hehasnowbeensuspendedwhilethe investigationcontinues. Some4,000cattleintwoherdsremainin quarantinebecauseoftheconcernsabout madcowdisease. 1.Policesuspectthereareoneormore groupsofrobbersoperatinginthearea 2. Heissuspectedofbeingoneofthe largestimportersofdrugsintoIreland 3. Therewasn'tanyparticularreasonto suspectanything,Ithought. Hewasisolatedfromotherpatientsand putonspecialistdrugstotryandcombat theinfection. Youneedtobemoreproactiveaboutthe causesyoucareabout. Hemanagedtoconcealthefactthathe hadbeeninprisonandsogotajobasa securityofficer. Whathappenswhenyou'reconfronted withadifficultday? 1. IhadtoconcedethatI'doverreacted.

225

2. toallowsomeonetohave something,evenifyoudonotwantto 14 corruption(n)

15 misconduct(n, v)

illegal,bad,ordishonestbehaviour, especiallybypeopleinpositionsof power (n)unacceptableorbadbehaviourby someoneinapositionofauthorityor responsibility (v)tomanagetheactivitiesofan organizationbadly

16 crossone's fingers(collo)

Tocrossone'sfingersisahandgesture commonlyusedtowishforluck

17 to underestimate (v) 18 tosuppress(v)

estimate(something)tobesmalleror lessimportantthanitactuallyis.

19 integrity(n)

20 transparency (n)

21 toallege(v)

22 tobackfire(v)

23 reluctance(n) reluctant(adj) LISTENING 1 kettle(n)

226

1.toendsomethingbyforce 2. topreventsomethingfrombeing seenorexpressedorfromoperating 1. thequalityofbeinghonestand havingstrongmoralprinciplesthatyou refusetochange 2. thequalityofbeingwholeand complete 1. thecharacteristicofbeingeasyto seethrough 2. thequalityofbeingdoneinanopen waywithoutsecrets tosaythatsomeonehasdone somethingillegalorwrongwithout givingproof (ofaplan)tohavetheoppositeresult fromtheoneyouintended (n)anunwillingnesstodosomething (adj)notwillingtodosomethingand thereforeslowtodoit

2. Withoutthearmy,theimperial governmentlostit*nerveandconceded theradicals'demands. Thebusinesssurveywillassesstheeffects ofcorruptiononinvestmentand productivity. 1. Shehasadutyandanobligationto reportsuchmisconductaspeoplestealing things. 2. Apublicofficialmayberemovedfrom officeiffoundtohavemisconductedhim orherself. Wearekeepingourfingerscrossedand hopingthatthebloodtestswillprove negative. Earlierestimatesmaysimplyhave underestimatedthetruecost. 1. Thearmysuppressedtheuprising,killing tenthousandpeople. 2. Whenfearishigh,moralityandreason aresuppressedinfavourofsurvival. 1. Hehasenormousintegrityandaclear moralcodethathesticksto. 2. Weshallrespecttheindependence, sovereigntyandterritorialintegrityofall ourneighbouringcountries. 1. Thepresenceoftheseenclosed impuritiesreducesthetransparencyof crystals. 2. Demandsforgreaterfinancial transparencywereresistedateveryturn Thearticleallegedthatshewascheating onherhusband Gloriaknewherplanhadbackfiredand thatshewouldhavetocomeupwith somethingbetternexttime. Thereluctancebyourpresentgovernment toinvestigatethoroughlyandputclosure onthismatterisshameful.

acontainerforboilingwater,thathasa Theyallusedwaterboiledinthekettleto lid,handle,andspoutandismadefrom makedrinks. plasticormetal

electrical appliance(n)

deodorant(n)

organic(adj)

slurry(adj)

mime(v)

surgery(n)

inflatable(adj)

permeable (adj)

10 gill(n) SPEAKING 1 benevolence (adj)

Anelectricalapplianceisadevicethat Theadventofhouseholdelectrical useselectricitytoperformafunction. applianceshastransformedthelivesof Forinstanceatablelamplightsanarea countlessofhomemakers. Thoseage18to24are33percentmore asubstancethatremovesorconceals likelythanaveragetousescented unpleasantsmells,especiallybodily deodorantsorantiperspirants. odours. relatingtoorderivedfromliving Bacteriauseoxygentoconvertorganic matter. wastetocarbondioxide,water,andmore bacteria. Farmers,inparticular,havebeenurgedto Asemiliquidmixture,typicallyoffine becarefulwhereandwhentheyapply particlesofmanure,cement,orcoal slurryandfertilizers. suspendedinwater. usegestureandmovementwithout Theygavehimeasystufftodo,suchas wordsintheactingof(aplayorrole) mimingascenewhilesomeoneelsedid thevoice. thetreatmentofinjuriesordiseasesin Lasersareusedinavarietyofsituationsin peopleoranimalsbycuttingopenthe medicineandsurgery. bodyandremovingorrepairingthe damagedpart capableofbeingfilledwithair Hesaidsomepassengersusedinflatable slidestogetoutoftheplaneinthe blowingsnow,whileothersgotouton stairsattherearoftheplane. (ofamaterialormembrane)allowing Theirhomedesignsusethenatural liquidsorgasestopassthroughit landscapeaswellaspermeablematerials tocaptureandretainstormwateronsite. theorganthroughwhichfishandother Fishwithtorngillsdieasinevitablyasyou watercreaturesbreathe wouldifyourlungswereshredded. beingkindandhelpful

weakorunhealthy,oreasilydamaged, broken,orharmed

Howcanweexpectsuchapersonwhois crueltosmallcreaturestoshowkindness andbenevolencetohiscolleagues? Duetoararedisease,heistwoyearsold buthisfaceisthatofawizenedoldman. Mydadwouldgivemeasternlook wheneverImisbehave. Patientssufferingfromaterminalillness havelittletolosesotheymayrisk everything. Inhisfinalyearshewasincreasinglyfrail andnearlyblind.

connectedwiththinkingorconscious mentalprocesses

Cognitivetherapyandmedicationare usuallyusedtotreathismentaldisorder.

wizened(adj)

stern(adj)

terminalillness anillnessthatleadsgraduallytodeath (expression)

frail(adj)

WRITING 1 cognitive(adj)

smallandhavingdryskinwithlinesin it,especiallybecauseofoldage strict,showingdisapproval

227

empathic(adj)

havingtheabilitytoknowhow someonefeels

gullible(adj)

spontaneous (adj)

easytotrickbecausetheytrustand believepeopletooeasily happeninginanaturalwaywithout beingplannedorthoughtabout

extrinsic(adj)

228

comingfromoutsideaparticular personorthing

Properempathicengagementhelpsan individualunderstandandanticipatethe behaviourofanother. Thevillagersexaggeratedtheiragesto impressgulliblevisitorsfromthecity Hisjokesseemedspontaneousatfirst,but wereinfactcarefullyprepared beforehand. Extrinsicforceswereresponsibleforthe breakdownofthepeacetalksbetween thesetwonations.

WORD LIST 7 READING 1 frugal(adj) 2

extravagance(n)

diverge(v)

carefulwhenusingmoneyorfood behaviourinwhichyouspendmore moneythanyouneedto

tofollowadifferentdirection,orto beorbecomedifferent philanthropist(n) apersonwhohelpsthepoor, especiallybygivingthemmoney

gregarious(adj)

likingtobewithotherpeople

viable(adj)

vital(adj)

abletoworkasintendedorableto succeed extremelyimportant

morph(v)

tograduallychangeoneimageinto another

unenviable(adj)

unpleasantordifficult

10 crane(n)

11 quay(n)

12 embankment(n)

13 weir(n) 14 merchandise(n)

15 ancillary(adj)

16 congregate(v)

Examples ItoldyouthatIhatedtowastemoneyand thatIwasveryfrugal. Inordertoeliminateextravaganceand waste,wehavetomanagethebudgetand bemoreefficient. Abouthalfwaybetweenthetempleandthe mainroad,apathdivergedtotheleft. Asphilanthropists,theyhavecontributedto thedevelopmentofmedicalandsocialcare inmanycornersoftheworld. Hewasknownthroughouttheregionasa hospitableandgregarioushost. I’mafraidyourplanisnotcommercially viable. Hesaidtheprojectisabsolutelyvitaltothe futuredevelopmentofthearea. Thefilmstartedoutasathriller,morphed intoactionandtowardstheendtriedtobe acomedy. Competingwithmemoriesoflandmark moviesisanunenviabletask. Alargemobilecraneremovedthecontainer lateronintheday.

atallmetalstructurewithalong horizontalpart,usedforliftingand movingheavyobjects alongstructure,usuallybuiltof Londonwasaportandasequenceof stone,whereboatscanbetiedupto waterfronts,quays,andwarehouses takeonandofftheirgoods developedalongthenorthbankofthe Thames. anartificialslopemadeofearth AhugeFloodActionPlan,forinstance, and/orstones calledforever‐higherembankmentstokeep theriversatbay. barrieracrossariverdesignedto Whenlevelsarelow,aweirpreventswater altertheflowcharacteristics fromleavingthelake. goodstobeboughtandsold Wekeeptrackofhowourmerchandiseis sellinginthemarketplacebylookingatthe attendancenumbers. providingsupportorhelp Inadditiontocourses,thecentralized departmentmayofferancillarysupport servicessuchascounsellingandtutoring. tocometogetherinalargegroupof WalkingdownthestreetontheSaturday, peopleoranimals henoticedalargegroupofpeople congregatingoutsideahotel. 229

17 alienation(n)

18 opiumden(np)

19 mechanics(n) 20 insatiable(adj) 21 exploratory(adj) 22 formative(adj)

23 cognitive(adj)

24 stylus(n)

25 coordination(n)

26 hunch(n)

thefeelingthatyouhaveno connectionwiththepeoplearound you anestablishmentwhereopiumis soldandsmoked

theparticularwaysomethingworks orhappens (especiallyofadesireorneed)too greattobesatisfied doneinordertodiscovermore aboutsomething relatingtothetimewhensomeone orsomethingisstartingtodevelop incharacter connectedwiththinkingor consciousmentalprocesses 1. asmall,pointeddeviceona recordplayerthatpicksupthe soundsignalsstoredonarecord 2. asmall,pointedmetalorplastic stickthatyouusetomakesome deviceswork theactofmakingallthepeople involvedinaplanoractivitywork togetherinanorganizedway anideathatisbasedonfeelingand forwhichthereisnoproof

LISTENING 1 intermittent(adj) nothappeningregularlyor continuously;stoppingandstarting repeatedlyorwithperiodsin between 2 estuary(n) thewidepartofariverattheplace whereitjoinsthesea 3

seasonal(adj)

viaduct(n)

230

relatingtoorhappeningduringa particularperiodintheyear along,highbridge,usuallyheldup bymanyarches,thatcarriesa railwayoraroadoveravalley

Unemploymentmaygenerateasenseof politicalalienation. Opiumdenswereprevalentinmanypartsof theworldinthe19thcentury,mostnotably China,SoutheastAsia,NorthAmericaand France. Hestudiedgolfersandtheirmechanicsand triedtoapplythemtofree‐throwshooting. Hewasaccusedofsacrificingall,including justice,tohisinsatiableambition. Thetalksappeartohavebeenjust exploratorydiscussionsthatdidnotgofar. Thedevelopmentproposalisataformative stageandnoplanningrequesthasbeen submitted. Fewpeopleliketothinkthattheirhigher cognitiveprocessesareundergenetic control. Anotherstyluswasusedtoplaybackthe recordingturningtheindentationsonthe cylinderintosound.

Actiongroupsworkincoordinationwith localgroupstoendrainforestdestruction. Ihaveahunchthatsomeoneistellinglies.

Theweatherwastypicallyhot,although therewasathreatofintermittentrain throughouttheday. Riverecosystemsandestuaries,ofvital importancetomanyspecies,havebeen severelydamagedthroughoutEurope. Animalshavetofindwaysofcopingwith seasonalchanges. Theworkforwhichheisprobablybest rememberedishisconstructionofa networkoftunnels,bridgesandviaductsfor theGreatWesternRailway.

dissertation(n)

bibliography(n)

prejudice(v)

SPEAKING 1 offthebeaten track(idiom) 2 3

grababite (expression) afussyeater (expression)

oneofakind (idiom)

onthehouse (idiom)

WRITING 1 staggering(adj)

alongpieceofwritingona particularsubject,especiallyone thatisdoneinordertoreceivea degreeatcollegeoruniversity alistofthebooksandarticlesthat havebeenusedbysomeonewhen writingaparticularbookorarticle (v)giverisetoprejudicein (someone);makebiased

IamwritingabouthowWorldWarTwo affectedthelivesofwomeninBritainformy universitydissertation. Thebookalsoincludesashortglossary,a thoroughbibliography,andseven appendices. Governmentstendtoimposetheopinions andprejudicesofthemajority

notknownorpopularwithmany people

Thefarmhousewestayedinwascompletely offthebeatentrack,sowewerenot distractedbyourannoyingcustomers. togetsomethingtoeat Boboftentriestogrababitebetween meetingssothathecanfeelrefreshed. apersonwhoisnoteasilysatisfied, Itissaidthathewasacompulsivelyfussy orhavingveryhighstandardsabout eaterwhohadrecruitedhisownchefswho food workedaroundtheclocktosatisfyhis standards. veryuniquepersonorthing Thishigh‐endWesternshopcanequipyou withavarietyofoneofakindbuckles,hand‐ tooledcowboyboots,andauthentichats thatyoucan’tfindanywhereelse. Ifyouhavesomethingonthehouse, Iwenttoarestaurantlastnight.Iwasthe itisgiventoyoufreebyabusiness tenthousandthcustomer,somydinnerwas onthehouse. (offigure):significant

modest(adj)

(offigure):notlargeinsizeor amount

constitute(v)

formormakesomething

‐fold(suffix)

havingthestatednumberofparts, ormultipliedbythestatednumber

disposable income(n)

themoneythatyoucanspendas youwantandnotthemoneythat youspendontaxes,food,andother basicneeds

"Wehadsomestaggeringgrowthrates," TimCook,Apple'schiefoperatingofficer, saidinaconferencecallwithinvestors. Ifarelativelymodestamountofmoneywas spentnow,themaintenancecostsforthe futurewouldbenomorethanforanew building. Herrefusaltosellthehouseconstituteda majorblowtoourplans. Inthelast50years,therehasbeena33‐fold increaseintheamountofpesticideusedin farming. Allofpeople'sdisposableincomeinthisarea goesinto theirfootballteam.

231

WORD LIST 8 READING 1 fishery(n)

Examples anareaofwaterwherefishare Itstillishardtounderstandthatnosalmon caughtsotheycanbesold haveyetbeencaughtatthefisherysofar thisseason. 2 livelihood(n) themoneypeopleneedtopayfor Duringthe2008economicdepression, food,aplacetolive,clothing,etc. thousandsofworkingpeoplelosttheirjobs andlivelihoods. 3 infirm(adj) illorneedingcare,especiallyforlong Therewerenotevenstretchersor periodsandoftenbecauseofoldage wheelchairstocarrythesickandinfirm. 4 adjacent(adj) verynear,nextto,ortouching Walkinginfurthershefoundthatthe bathroomwasadjacenttothedressing room. 5 underpin(v) togivesupport,strength,orabasic AfriendinBritain,whoisacivilengineer, structuretosomething hadgivenmeadrawingshowingan inexpensivemethodofunderpinningthe foundations. 6 buffer(n) anextrasupplyofmaterialsthatis Abetterapproachtoensuretimely keptinordertopreventasituation completionistobuildtimebuffersintothe wherenoneareavailable project. 7 sporadic(adj) happeningsometimes;notregularor Morethan100peoplehavebeenkilledthis continuous yearinsporadicoutburstsofethnic violence. 8 subsistence(n) thestateofhavingwhatyouneedin Themoneyisintendedtoprovideabasic ordertostayalive,butnomore subsistenceandshouldnotbepaidto someonewhor*ceivesotherincome. somethingthatcausesgrowthor Manyotheranimalshavesenseorgansthat 9 stimulus(n) activity candetectstimulibeyondthelimitsofthe plural: stimuli humansenses. 10 preconception(n) anideaoropinionformedbefore Itrynottoarriveatthedinnerwithany enoughinformationisavailableto preconceptions,sothatIcanjustenjoythe formitcorrectly meal. 11 peer(n) apersonwhoisthesameageorhas Childrenwhohavedifficultygettingalong thesamesocialpositionorthesame wellwithothersoftenlacksocialsupport fromfamilymembersandpeers. abilitiesasotherpeopleinagroup 12 modification(n) achangeorimprovement Therenovationisextensiveinvolvinganew floorandmodificationstotheroof. 1. Thedamagewassuperficialandthe 13 superficial(adj) 1. onlyonthesurfaceofsomething 2. (ofaperson)neverthinkingabout problemfixed. thingsthatareseriousorimportant 2. Sheworriesthatpeoplethinksheis 3. appearingtoberealorimportant superficial,andthedeeperAnnecannot whenthisisnottrueorcorrect withstandthat.

232

14 formula(n) formulae(plural form) 15 equilibrium(n) equilibration(n)

astandardoracceptedwayofdoing ormakingsomething

16 overturn(v) 17 discipline(n)

to(causeto)turnover 1. thepracticeofmakingpeopleobey rulesorstandardsofbehaviour,and punishingthemwhentheydonot. 2. thequalityofbeingabletobehave andworkinacontrolledwaywhich involvesobeyingparticularrulesor standards. tocausesomeoneorsomethingto seemlessimportantorlesshappy acomparisonbetweenthingsthat havesimilarfeatures,oftenusedto helpexplainaprincipleoridea anexpression,oftenfoundin literature,thatdescribesapersonor objectbyreferringtosomethingthat isconsideredtohavesimilar characteristicstothatpersonor object wrongorfalse

18 overshadow(v) 19 analogy(n)

20 metaphor(n)

21 erroneous(adj)

‐astateofbalance ‐theactofachievingequilibrium

22 sonnet(n)

apoemthathas14linesanda particularpatternofrhyme

23 full‐fledged(adj)

completelydevelopedortrained

24 inadvertently (adv) 25 trajectory(n)

notintentionally

26 vigorously(adv)

thecurvedpaththatanobject followsafterithasbeenthrownor shotintotheair inaveryforcefulorenergeticway

3. Theresemblancebetweenthebreedsis superficial.Theyareinfactquitedifferent fromoneanother. “Idon'tthinkthereisanysecret,magic formulaforsuccess",hesays. Adynamicandnearlybalancedequilibrium betweenopposingforcesappearsto characterizethesituation. Theresultsoverturnedpreviousfindings. 1. Thereshouldbetougherdiscipline inschools. 2. Self discipline is a deciding factor for success.

Ican'tbeonsamestagewithhimbecause heovershadowsme. Onemightdrawananalogybetween Johnson'sapproachandPresidentBush's relianceonfaith‐basedinitiatives. Imagesareoftenpresentedthroughfigures ofspeechlikesimileandmetaphor.

Thetestremainsrootedinanerroneous approachwhichstartsfromthewrong standpoint. Herworkrangesfrompoemsoffantasy andversesfortheyoungtoballads,love lyrics,sonnets,andreligiouspoetry. Weallknowwhatangeris,andwe'veall feltit:whetherasafleetingannoyanceor asfull‐fledgedrage. Toavoidbeingchargedtwiceinadvertently, don'tpressanybuttonmorethanonce. Aguidedmissilecorrectsitstrajectoryasit flies,hominginontheheatofajetplane's exhaust. Theygiveusaheartythumbs‐upand vigorouslywaveandpumptheirhands.

233

27 deplete(v)

28 leveloff(v) 29 potent(adj)

toreducesomethinginsizeor amount,especiallysuppliesof energy,money,etc. tostoprisingorfallingandstayatthe samelevel verypowerful,forceful,oreffective

LISTENING 1 tablet(n)

athin,flat,oftensquarepieceofhard materialsuchaswood,stone,or metal malaria(n) adiseasethatyoucangetfromthe biteofaparticulartypeofmosquito treble(quantifier) triple

hi‐spec(adj)

obsolete(adj)

6 7

notinuseanymore,havingbeen replacedbysomethingnewerand betterormorefashionable betakenabackby beshockedorsurprisedatsth sth(vp) inconclusive(adj) notgivingorhavingaresultor decision methodology(n)

SPEAKING 1 modcons(n)

highinspecifications

getonthe propertyladder (expression) takeouta mortgage (expression)

fullyfurnished (adj) 234

asystemofwaysofdoing,teaching, orstudyingsomething

themachinesanddevices,suchas washingmachinesandfridges,which maketheordinaryjobsinahome easier buythefirsthouse

borrowanamountofmoneyfroma banktobuyahouse

containingallthenecessaryfurniture

Abouthalfoftheworld'sriversareseverely depletedandpolluted. Thepriceofgashasfinallyleveledoffafter risingforseveralmonths. Evenasmalldoseofalcoholcanhavea potenteffectonapersonwhoistired. Anysignificantancientrulerrequireda personalsealforsigningclaytablets. Intropicalandsub‐tropicalareas,malariais oneoftheworld'sbiggestkillers. Forworkingonapublicholiday,theywill receivetrebletheirusualpay. TheJ3500isarugged,hi‐specWindows7 tabletthatbeatstheiPad(andprettymuch everyothertablet)whenitcomesdownto poweralone. Anythingthathasbecomeobsoletemustbe discardedandreplacedwithsomething newandnovel. Iwastakenabackbyherstrongreactionto thenews. Iftheresultsareinconclusive,the examinationshouldberepeatedintwo weeks. Iamfieldingasurveyaspartofastudy writtenforaclassinresearch methodologies. Thekitchenisfullyequippedwithallmod consincludingadishwasher.

Housepricesaresohighnowitishardfor first‐timebuyerstogetontheproperty ladder. Traditionally,whenpeopletakeouttheir firstmortgage,they’vetendedtooptfora 25yearterm.However,asweareliving longerandtheretirementageisgoingup, 30‐yearmortgagesarebecomingmore common. Thebedroomsarefullyfurnishedina traditionalstyleandhaveair‐conditioning.

payforsomething in(monthly) instalments (expression)

WRITING 1 incidence(n)

oneofanumberofpaymentsthat youmakeoveraperiodoftimeto payforsomethingthatyoucanuse whileyouarepayingforit

Youcanpayyoursubscriptionin convenientmonthlyinstalmentswhenyou shoptheAppleStore.Afteryoumakea purchase,contactyourbanktoseewhich financingoptionsareavailabletoyou.

anevent,ortherateatwhich somethinghappens foodsthatslowdowntherateat whichsomethingdecaysbecauseof oxidization diseasesrelatingtotheheartand bloodvessels

Therehavebeenquiteafewincidencesof bullyingintheschoolthisyear. Berriesandgreenteaareamongthebest antioxidant‐richfoodsthatyoucanfind easilyatagrocerystore. Withoutanadequateamountofdaily exercises,adultscanfallvictimtoblood pressureincreases,hypertension, cardiovasculardiseasesandevendeath. Pregnantwomenoftensufferfromiron deficiencysotheyneedtobegivensome supplements. Highunemploymentandwidespread alcoholismhavecontinuedtodebilitate localcommunities.

antioxidant‐rich foods(phrase)

cardiovascular diseases(phrase)

deficiency(n)

astateofnothaving,ornothaving enough,ofsomethingthatisneeded

debilitate(v)

makesomeoneorsomething physicallyweak

235

WORD LIST 9 READING 1 masculine(adj) masculinity(n)

havingcharacteristicsthatare traditionallythoughttobetypicalof orsuitableformen attractingalotofattentionbybeing verycolourfulorbright,butwithout anyrealbeauty

Examples Itappearsthatmasculineidentityisboth shapedandreinforcedbyphysicalactivity andsportinvolvement. Sheworeagreatdealofshowycostume jewellery.

showy(adj)

hemin(v)

tosurroundsomeoneandprevent themfrommovingordoingwhat theywanttodo

Moreandmorelifebecomesaseriesof trapswhereyouarehemmedinfromall sides.

accelerate(v)

mischievousness (n)

tohappenormakesomething happensoonerorfaster expressingorsuggestingmischief

Thekeyquestioniswhetherstress acceleratesageing. WegrewuptogetherandIknewhimto beasmart,funnyandoutgoingguy‐ thoughoftentimesverytroubled,witha streakofmischievousness.

contour(n)

theshapeofamassoflandorother object,especiallyitssurfaceorthe shapeformedbyitsouteredge

Theroadclimbssteadily,followingthe contoursofthehillside.

recession(n)

aperiodwhentheeconomyofa countryisnotsuccessfuland conditionsforbusinessarebad

He says the economy is in a recession after the worst third quarter growth figuresinsome50years.

humble(adj)

1. notproudornotbelievingthatyou areimportant 2. ordinary;notspecialorvery important

1. Eversincehelostthecompetition,he hasbeenhumbleandself‐restrained. 2. Fromveryhumblebeginningswenow havereachedwhatanyonewouldcalla centreofexcellence.

churnout(vp)

Fartoooftentodayhistoricalworksare toproducelargeamountsof somethingquickly,usuallysomething churnedoutinunreadableacademic jargon. oflowquality

10 crude(adj)

simpleandnotskilfullydoneormade Thesecomparisonsarerathercrudesince thesamplesizesandgeographic distributionoflinesdifferineachstudy.

11 hefty(adj)

largeinamount,size,force,etc.

InAustralia,companieshavetopayhefty stateorcitytaxes.

12 bisect (v)

todividesomethingintotwo,usually equal,parts

Adouble‐glazedwindowbisectstheroom, whichwillseparatedirectorsfromtheir secretaries.

13 ensue(v)

tohappenaftersomethingelse, especiallyasaresultofit

Thebanditsattack,abloodbathensues, andcasualtiesareheavy.

236

14 ordnance(n)

militarysupplies,especiallyweapons andbombs

15 spur(v)

toencourageanactivityor developmentormakeithappen faster toforcesomeonetodosomething, ortomakeitnecessaryforsomeone todosomething dealingwithortreatingthewholeof somethingorsomeoneandnotjusta part animaginarylineor value usedas astartingpointformaking comparisons apersonsuchasanemployee, customer,orcitizenwhoisinvolved withanorganization,society,etc. andthereforehasresponsibilities towardsitandaninterestinits success somethingthatyouhopetoachieve

16 oblige(v)

17 holistic(adj)

18 baseline(n)

19 stakeholder(n)

20 aspiration(n)

Thevesselwasessentiallyatruckdesigned tobringordnancewithinfiringrangeof targets. Hersons'passionforcomputergames spurredherontosetupasoftwareshop. Doctorsareobligedbylawtokeep patientsalivewhilethereisachanceof recovery. Webelievethatrecoveryisaprocessthat healsthewholepersontherefore,wetake aholisticapproachtotreatment. Theinternationalstandardsusedas baselinestocertifysecuritybestpractice arechanging. Asthemostimportantstakeholdersinthe organisation,workershaveavitalinterest initswelfare.

Sheworkshardforthemoney,andshe alsohasaspirationstomoveonupinto management. 21 scarce(adj) rare,noteasytofindorget Coastallandresourcesarescarcebecause ofhighdemandandlowsupply. 22 isolated(adj) happeningorexistingonlyonce, Duringthelasttwotothreedecades, separate NorthKoreahasbeenpracticallyisolated fromtheoutsideworld. 23 interpret(v) todecidewhattheintendedmeaning Astatisticianassistedininterpretingthe ofsomethingis data. Overthepastcoupleofyears,there's 24 recursion(n) somethingthatisdoneorsaid beenrenewedcontroversyabouttherole severaltimesinordertoproducea ofrecursioninhumanlanguage. particularresultoreffect;theactof doingsomethingseveraltimes 25 indisputable(adj) undeniable Itisanindisputablefactthatdemandfor healthcarewillalwaysoutstripsupply. 26 outlier(n) aperson,thing,orfactthatisvery Ifwejustlookathisperformance,2010 differentfromotherpeople,things, wastheoutlierinhiscareer,notthe orfacts standard. 27 deploy(v) tousesomethingorsomeone, Troopsaredeployed,readytomoveinto especiallyinaneffectiveway positionifthingsgetoutofhand. 28 idiosyncrasy(n) astrangeorunusualhabit,wayof Havinggrownuptogether,theywereall behaving,orfeaturethatsomeoneor moreorlessusedtoeachother's somethinghas idiosyncrasiesandfightingalwaysmade thedaymoreinteresting 237

29 chronic(adj)

especiallyofadiseaseorsomething bad)continuingforalongtime

30 conform(v)

tobehaveaccordingtotheusual standardsofbehaviourthatare expectedbyagrouporsociety

LISTENING 1 courteous(adj)

politeandshowingrespect

Pleasant,courteousandgracious,Noreen wasdevotedtoherfamilyandfriends.

relatingtowhereyouliveorhave lived toexperiencesomething,usually somethingunpleasant,asaresultof actionsyouhavetaken anideaortheoryonwhicha statementoractionisbased landonwhichmanytreesgrow

Itwasnotsafetolocatethechemicals factoryinaresidentialarea. Weareafamilyandshehadincurred familyexpensesthatneededtobepaid.

residential(adj)

incur(v)

premise(n)

woodland(n)

marshy(adj)

amarshyareaoflandisalwayswet, likeamarsh

toturnanddirectanobject

manoeuvre(v) AE:maneuver camouflage(n)

reluctance(n)

10 nocturnal(adj) SPEAKING 1 congregate(v)

somethingthatismeanttohide something,orbehaviourthatis intendedtohidethetruth anunwillingnesstodosomething happeninginoractiveduringthe night,orrelatingtothenight cometogetherinalargegroup

turnstile(n)

aformofgatewhichallowsone persontopassatatimebypayment.

vociferous(adj)

electrifying(adj)

describingpeopleexpresstheir opinionsandcomplaintsloudlyand repeatedlyinspeech (ofatmosphere)veryexciting

238

Livingwithaninvisiblechronicillnesscan meanconstantlytryingtoredefineyour condition. Thechangeswereintroducedtoconform withinternationalstandards.

Ifthepremiseistrue,thentheconclusion mustbetrue. Nineteenpercentofthelandisagricultural and46percentconsistsofforestsand woodlands. Itwasalarge,indoorschoolthatsatupon asandyislandsurroundedbymarshy swampland. Shetriedtomanoeuvrehertrolleyaround people. Thewhitenessofpolarbearsprovides camouflage. SerieslikeAirCrashInvestigationonly worsenmyreluctancetotravelbyplanes. Mostowlsarenocturnal.

Acrowdcongregatedtopaytributeto the late rock star. Newturnstileswithcounterswillbe installedatourlocalparkinthenear future,sothatnottoomanypeoplecan enteritatthesametime. Votersarevociferousintheiroutrage abouttheproposedtaxincrease. Hehasanelectricandelectrifying personalityanditcomesthroughinhis music.

liveandbreathe something (expression)

WRITING 1 fell(v) 2

demolish(v)

curtail(v)

chronological milestones (expression)

changebeyond recognition (expression)

whenapersonlivesandbreathes something,itisextremelyimportant tothem

Ilivedandbreathedgymnastics throughoutmychildhoodandonly stoppedtraininginmyfifties.

(oftenpassive):cutdownatree

DuringWorldWarII,manytreeswere felledforfuel. Thehousewasdemolishedtomakeway fortheshoppingcentre.

(oftenpassive):completelydestroya building,especiallyinordertouse thelandforsomethingelse reduceorlimitsomething

Withallthesnow,ourdailywalkshave beenseverelycurtailed. importantpointsoftimeinthe Incontrasttothechronologicalmilestones developmentorhistoryofsomething whichmarklifestagesinthedeveloped orinsomeone’slife. world,oldageinmanydeveloping countriesisseentobeginatthepoint whenactivecontributionisnolonger possible. changesomuchthatitisnot Theprocessofbuyingahomeissetto recognizable changebeyondrecognitioninthecoming years.Itwillbeamorestreamlined transaction,withbuyersandsellersrelying muchmoreontechnology.

239

WORD LIST 10 READING 1 toll(n)

asmallamountofmoneythat youhavetopaytousearoad, crossabridge,etc. ablacksubstance,stickywhen hot,usedespeciallyformaking roads topresssomethingtogetherin atightandsolidway

Tollscanbenowcollectedelectronicallyon mostmotorwayssoas to make itmuchmore convenientfordrivers. Properroadsbuiltusingtarshouldbereadyin ruralareas.

tar(n)

compact(v)

inferior(adj)

notgood,ornotasgoodas someoneorsomethingelse

Thesewatchesaretotallyinferiortothosewe boughtlastyearastheyseemtomalfuction more frequently.

arched(adj)

Iremembertheviewoutofthearchedkitchen window,whichistrulymagnificent.

load‐bearing (adj)

havingashapeorstructure withancurveatthetop,likean arch supportingtheweightofthe buildingaboveit

resurgence(n)

rigid(adj)

anewincreaseofactivityor interestinaparticularsubject orideathathadbeenforgotten forsometime stifforfixed;notabletobe bentormoved

shrinkage(n)

Anewtypeofmosquitorepellenthasbeen invented,whichasignificantcontributionina regionwheretheresurgenceofmalariais responsibleforthousandsofdeaths. Scientists have recently come up with a new type of flexible polymer clay that hardensintorigidplastic. Thehippocampus,anareaofthebrainthatplays akeyroleintheformationofnewmemories, typicallyshowssevereshrinkagewith Alzheimer’s. Likeitspredecessor,thenewgameconsole supportsuptoeightcontrollerssimultaneously, aswellasfourchatheadsetsortwostereo headsets.

10 predecessor(n)

11 anchorage(n)

240

theactorprocessofbecoming smaller

someonewhohadajobora positionbeforesomeoneelse, orsomethingthatcomes beforeanotherthingintimeor inaseries 1. aplacewhereaboatisor canbeanchored 2. aplacewheresomethingis fastenedfirmly

Severaltonsofpaper,cardboard,untreated woodandplasticarecompactedintomorethan 2,100tonsofpelletseachyearandburned alongsidethecoal.

Thebuildingstructureissupportedonload‐ bearingmasonrywallsorsteelframe.

1. Yesterday, thevesselreachedanchorageoff Dubai. 2. Ifthefloorslabisnotthickenoughtohandle theseloads,alternateanchoragemustbe provided.

12 cantilever(n)

alongbarthatisfixedatonly oneendtoaverticalsupport andisusedtoholdastructure suchasanarch,bridge,orshelf inposition someonewhobecomes involvedinanactivityora socialgroupwithoutbeing asked,orentersaplace withoutpermission capableofinterbreeding

ThecantileversofLean'sbridgeweresimilarto whattheJapaneseusedontherealRiverKwai.

16 intertwined (adj)

twistedtogetherorclosely connectedsoastobedifficult toseparate

Anetmadeofcottonthatisintertwinedwith othernaturalfibresprovestobeextremely durable.

17 painstakingly (adv)

inawaythatshowsyouhave takenalotofcareormadea lotofeffort

Before printing processes developed, books took an incredibly long time to make as they had to be painstakingly written by hand.

18 cellular(adj)

connectedwiththecellsofa plantoranimal

Intheabsenceofanormalcellularimmune response,bacterialproliferationmayleadto infection.

19 lineage(n)

themembersofaperson's familywhoaredirectlyrelated tothatpersonandwholiveda longtimebeforehimorher

She'sveryproudofherancientroyallineageas shekeepstalkingaboutitwhenevershemeets us.

20 exemplify(v)

tobeorgiveatypicalexample ofsomething

Thispaintingperfectlyexemplifiesthenaturalistic stylewhichwassopopularatthetime.

21 herald(v)

beasignthat(something)is abouttohappen

Thisdrughasbeenheraldedasamajor breakthroughinthefightagainstbreastcancer.

22 escalation(n)

theprocessofbecoming greaterormoreserious

Hesaidthereweremanyfactorsresponsiblefor escalationinviolenceinthisarea,oneofwhich maybethelackofeducationalinstitutions.

23 refuge(n)

aplacethatgivesprotectionor shelterfromdangerortrouble

Shehadfledfromherviolenthusbandtoa women'srefuge.

13 interloper(n)

14 inter‐fertile (adj)

15 interbreed(v) crossbreed(v)

Securitydidnotpreventinterlopersfromgetting ontothestageattheopeningceremony.They thoughtthateveryonecouldhavefunaslongas itwassafe.

Thesewildricespecieshavecharacteristicsthat areusefulforus.Theyarealsointer‐fertilewith domesticatedrice,sowecanreadilycrossbreed them. tobreedorcausetobreedwith Theywillcross‐breedthemicefromthetwo membersofanotherbreedor strainstocreateapopulationwhichhasa group mixtureofmetabolicrates.

241

24 proliferate(v)

toincreasealotandsuddenly innumber

Smallbusinesseshavereallyproliferatedinthe lasttenyearswiththeincreaseofapproximately 50percent.

25 disperse(v) dispersal(n)

tospreadacrossormoveaway overalargearea,ortomake somethingdothis astoppingofanactivityforan agreedamountoftime

Oncetheseedsarereleasedintotheair,thewind quicklydispersesthemoveralargearea.

26 moratorium(n)

27 beweddedto sth(idiom)

believingstronglyinsomething

Allthemajorcountriesintheworldhaveagreed thatafive‐yearworldwidemoratoriumon nuclearweaponstestingshouldbeimplemented. Sincethe1970s,environmentalistshavebeen weddedtothenotionthatnuclearpoweristhe epitomeofevil.

LISTENING 1 shedlightonsth tohelptoexplainasituation (vp)

Policesaidtheywantedtospeaktoamanseenin theareawhomightbeabletoshedlightonwhat happenedduringthemurder. relatedtotheMiddleAges(the RoadsinmedievalBritainoftenfollowedtheline periodinEuropeanhistory ofRomanroadsforsubstantialdistances. fromaboutAD600toAD1500)

medieval(adj)

courtdocument legaldocumentusedincourt (n)

Accordingtocourtdocuments,theincidentstook placeonApril17,whichwasdifferentfromwhat somewitnesseshadclaimedbefore.

bleach(v)

toremovethecolourfrom somethingormakeitlighter

Nowadays,somepaperproductsarebleached withchlorine.

bury(v)

toputsomethingintoaholein thegroundandcoverit

Theirbaseisburiedinthegroundbut a smallerpartremainsvisible.

virtually(adv)

in nearly all cases or examples

Youwillneedacartogetaroundthiscityas publictransportisvirtuallynon‐existent.

route(n)

aparticularwayordirection betweenplaces

Shippingofricetothenorthwashinderedby privateeringinshippingroutestothose destinations.

makesomeonesurprised

Thesetacticsorderedbyourgeneralstookour opponentsbysurprise,which,toalargeextent, contributedtoourvictories. Stephenphonedoutoftheblueyesterday.We haven'tspokentohiminoverthreemonths!

SPEAKING 1 takesomeone bysurprise (idiom) 2 outoftheblue (idiom) 3

reminisce(v)

242

Ifsomethinghappensoutof theblue,itiscompletely unexpected talkorwriteaboutpast experiencesthatyou rememberwithpleasure

Helookedatthephotograph,reminiscingonpast battlesandforgottenglories.

aneye‐opener (n)

moreto someonethan meetstheeye (idiom)

WRITING 1 proximity(n)

pacifying(adj)

bumper‐to‐ bumper(traffic) (expression) succumb(v)

overlook(v)

somethingthatsurprisesyou fromwhichyoulearn somethingnew havingmoreabilitythanpeople realize

Forparticipantsinthetrainingcamp,surviving alldaywithoutbeingabletousetheir smartphoneswasarealeye‐opener. AllofusthoughtthatJohnwasnotattractive enoughtodateanyone.However,thereseemsto bemoretohimthanmeetstheeye,orelsewhy wouldDaisybeinterestedinhim?

thestateofbeingnearinspace Nintendo'shand‐heldgamingsystems,the3DS, ortime communicatewithoneanotherwhenbrought intocloseproximityusingitsownwireless technology. calm,peaceful The park is a great place to be if you are a fan of beautiful nature, pacifying atmosphere and fresh air. withsomanycarsthatareso Thecarsonthehighwayarebumpertobumper closethattheyarealmost rightnow—there'snowaywe'llgetthereon touchingeachother time. losethedeterminationto Thetownfinallysuccumbedlastweekafterbeing opposesomething poundedwithheavyartilleryformorethantwo months. failtonoticeorconsider Iworrythatweoverlookimportant somethingorsomeone considerationswhenwecarryouttheproject.

243

WORD LIST 11 READING 1 startling(adj)

surprisingandsometimes worrying

Examples Evenifit’snot100,000jobslostthisyear, evenifit’shalfof that,thosearesome startlingnumbers.

implication(n)

theeffectthatanactionor decisionwillhaveonsomething elseinthefuture

Thecompanyiscuttingbackitsspending andIwonderwhattheimplicationswillbe forourdepartment.

bleak(adj)

Ifaplaceisbleak,itisempty, unpleasantandnotwelcomingor attractive

Thehousestandsonableak,windswept hilltopwherenoonereallydarestoever enteritevenonce.

evolutionary (adj)

Relatingtoevolution

Asevolutionarytheorybecamemorewidely accepted,naturalscientistsspeculatedthat thecellsofcomplexorganismsmightbethe descendantsofunicellularancestors.

specimen(n)

Asamplefortestingoran example

Museumswillpaylargeamountsofmoney forthosegooddinosaurfossilspecimens thatwere recently discovered.

magnitude(n)

thelargesizeorimportanceof something

Reportsaboutthe7.9earthquakeremain sketchy,butanearthquakeofthat magnitudecandomassivedamage.

algorithm(n)

asetofmathematicalinstructions orrulesthat,especiallyifgivento acomputer,willhelptocalculate ananswertoaproblem

Musicappsusealgorithmstopredictthe probabilitythatfansofoneparticularband willlikeanother.

nudge(v)

toslightlypushormove something

Shenudgedthecatoffthesofasothathe couldsitdown.

hurdle(n)

aframeorfenceforjumpingover inarace,anobstacle

Shejumpedoverallthehurdleseasilyand racedtothefinishingline.

10 swerve(v)

tochangedirection,especially suddenly

Becausethecarisoutofcontrol,thebus swervestoavoidit.

11 overhaul(n)

Itookmymotorbikeinforanoverhaulafter athoroughexaminationof machineryorasystem,withrepairs alongjourneyof1000km. orchangesmadeifnecessary.

12 rationale(n)

thereasonsorintentionsthat causeaparticularsetofbeliefsor actions 13 steeplechase(n) alongraceinwhichhorsesor peoplehavetojumpoverfences, bushes,etc.,eitheracrossthe 244

Hetriedtoexplainthescientificrationale behindhiswork,whichprovedtobevery persuasive. Inrecentweekstheytrainedtogetherin Dublinwheretheywerejoinedbythe

14 vault(v)

15 somersault(n) (v)

16 outlay(n)

countrysideor,moreusually,ona track tojumpoversomethingbyfirst puttingyourhandsonitorby usingapole ‐anacrobaticmovementinwhich apersonturnsheadoverheelsin theairoronthegroundandlands ontheirfeet ‐tomakeasomersault anamountofmoneyspentfora particularpurpose,especiallyasa firstinvestmentinsomething

nationalsteeplechasechampion,Cormac Smith. Hehasvaulted6.02minindoor competitionsthisyear,whichisanew record! He launched himself off the roof, performed a double somersault and landed on his feet unharmed.

Inmycase,inordertominimisemymonthly outlay,Ichosetorepaytheloanamount after30years.

17 jeopardise(v)

toputsomethingsuchasaplanor Sheknewthatfailingherfinaltestcould systemindangerofbeingharmed jeopardiseherwholefuture. ordamaged

18 embellishment (n)

adecorativedetailorfeature addedtosomethingtomakeit moreattractive.

Intheeighteenthcenturycarversandstucco artistsofarchitecturalembellishmentswere givenarunfortheirmoneybymoulded compositionornament.

19 showmanship (n)

skillinmakingpeoplefeel entertained

Hertelevisedspeechesdemonstrateher showmanshipthatisadmiredbymany people.

20 trainer(n)

atypeoflight,comfortableshoe thatcanbewornforsport

Youshouldweartrainersinthegymtoavoid scuffingthefloor.

theareaorbuildingatastation, airport,orportthatisusedby passengersleavingorarrivingby train,aircraft,orship theparticularimportanceor attentionthatisgivento something aspecialstripofaroad,sports track,orswimmingpoolthatis usedtokeepvehiclesor competitorsseparate believingorexpressingthebelief thatthereshouldbegreator extremesocialorpoliticalchange (shortformof‘specification’) adetailedworkingdescription

Terminal5isusedmostlyfordomestic flights.Pleasegototerminal3ifyouwantto boardaninternationalflight.

LISTENING 1 terminal(n)

emphasis(n)

lane(n)

radical(adj)

spec(n)

Ithinkweshouldputasmuchemphasison preventingdiseaseaswedooncuringit. Thenorthboundlaneisclosedbecauseofan accident.

Itisthoughtthatsomeleadersarenot radicalenoughtocreateinnovative developmentsfortheircountry. Intheinterim,I'llleavesomespecsand photosforafirstlookuntilIcanput togetheraformalreview. 245

absorption(n)

resilient(adj)

barter(n)

altitude(n)

SPEAKING 1 come(in)to one'smind (collocation) 2 blossominto (phrase) 3 bouncearound (collocation)

inspirational (adj) 5 toworkone’s waythrough (collocation) WRITING 1 governingbody (collocation)

jobcreation (collocation)

torevitalise(v) US:revitalize disruption(n)

246

adverse publicity (collocation)

theprocessoftakingsomething intoanothersubstance abletoquicklyreturntoa previousgoodcondition theactorsystemofexchanging goodsforotherthingsratherthan money heightabovesealevel

tosuddenlyorimmediately materializeinone'smind quicklygrowandmatureintoa particulartypeofpersonorthing todiscusssomethingwithother peoplebymentioningit informally,inpassing,orat varioustimes. providingorshowingcreativeor spiritualinspiration. tostayengagedinatask continuously,oftenusedwhenthe taskislong‐term. thegroupofofficialswhodrawup therulesthatgoverntheactions andconductofabodysuchasa school,university,orsport,and whoensurethattheserulesare followed theprocessofprovidingnewjobs, especiallyforpeoplewhoare unemployed togivenewlife,energy,activity, orsuccesstosomething. Disturbanceorproblemswhich interruptanevent,activity,or process. badpublicity,orpublicitythatwas notwanted

Somepoisonousgasescanenterthebody byabsorptionthroughtheskin. Thisrubberballisveryresilientand immediatelyspringsbackintoshape. Thecurrencyhaslostsomuchofitsvalue thatbarterhasbecomethepreferredwayof doingbusinessinsomeareas,especiallyin thecountryside. Mountainclimbersneedtouseoxygen whentheyreachhigheraltitudes. "WhenIlostthemoney,Ifroze,andthe wordsofthe poemcameintomymind," shesaid. Theideahasnowblossomedintoa successfulmail‐orderbusiness. Ibouncedaroundtheideaofbecomingan actresswithmanypeoplebeforediscussing itwithmyparents. Hehasmentaltoughnessandisastrong characterandaninspirationalcaptain. Kateisworkingherwaythroughcollege,but it'stakenawhile,asshe'sonlybeenableto attendclassespart‐time Thecentralgoverningbody,theGeneral MedicalCouncil,hasdecidedtorelaxthe previousbanonadvertising.

Inanyeconomicrecovery,job creationis mainly shouldered bybysmallbusiness. Japaneseinvestmenthasrevitalizedthispart ofBritain. Whenchangesordisruptionsoccur,youare likelytoconsiderfirsthowtoensurethat suchdisruptionsdonotupsetyourplans. Whentheystartedtoraiseprices,they mightcreateadversepublicity,whichwould hurttheirbrands

VOCABULARY REVIEW

247

VOCABULARY REVIEW 1 READING 1

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words given in the box below. elaborate

flourish

interpretation

prolong

tremendous

irrigate

carve

excessive

civilisation

permanent

1. We were having such a good time that we decided to ……………………………… our stay by two more weeks. 2. During the drought, the farmers collect rainwater to ……………………………… their paddy fields. 3. Many scientists think that nuclear war would mean the end of ………………………………. 4. We were disappointed that they insisted on such a rigid ………………………………. of the rules 5. Wild plants ………………………………. on the banks of the lake. Look at those beautiful flowers. 6. They were making such a ………………………………. amount of noise last night that we could barely sleep. 7. The message of the campaign is that ………………………………. drinking is a health risk. 8. He entered the United States in 1990 as a ………………………………. resident because of his marriage to a U.S. citizen. 9. He ………………………………. her name on a tree a long time ago. 10. The director of the US secret service has described an ………………………………… plan to build an $8m replica of the White House in Maryland. READING 2

What does the bolded word in each sentence mean? Choose A, B or C. Then write a new sentence for each bolded word. 1. A large Roman settlement has been discovered just outside the French town. A. an artifact B. a place to live C. a bridge  ..................................................................................................................................

248

2. Mr. Adam is so ingenious – he can create almost everything from nothing. A. intelligent and skillful B. doubtful and uncertain C. unexpected and surprising  .................................................................................................................................. 3. In the square in front of the hotel stands a monument to all the people killed in the war. A. a collection B. a number C. a structure  .................................................................................................................................. 4. After a couple of difficult years, our business has finally begun to really prosper, and we are looking at record profits this quarter. A. to be or become successful B. to get back something lost C. to no longer have something  .................................................................................................................................. 5. She shows reverence for her professors. A. honesty B. a feeling of respect C. sincerity  ..................................................................................................................................

249

LISTENING

Match each word in column A with its definition in column B. Some definitions will not be used. Then write 5 sentences using the words. Column A

Column B

1. wagon

.................

a. not following one’s intended route

2. pedestrian

.................

b. the manufacturer of a product

3. make

.................

c. a house

4. block

.................

d. a vehicle with no motor

5. off course

.................

e. a person travelling on foot f. a group of buildings bounded by four streets

1 ........................................................................................................................................ ..........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................ ..........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................ ..........................................................................................................................................

4 ........................................................................................................................................ ..........................................................................................................................................

5 ........................................................................................................................................ ..........................................................................................................................................

250

SPEAKING

Fill in the blanks using the words that you have learnt in vocabulary list 1 – speaking section.

OPENING AN ONLINE BOUTIQUE In a typical Asian city such as Tokyo, Singapore or Hong Kong, many people can be seen glued to their smart phones messaging, listening to music, reading, watching videos, posting messages on social media platforms and even shopping online. So if you don’t want to (1) ............................................... with a corporate job, or if you (2) ................................................ such as what makes a person look good or how to mix and match different items of clothing that go well together, consider opening an online boutique. Spending time searching for the most unique clothes and accessories, connecting with customers on social media, and putting together cohesive personal styles are certainly some of (3) .............................. as the owner of an online boutique. While anyone may be able to do this, it takes a little more planning and strategy to start an online shop from scratch. One of the most crucial things to do is scouting out inventory. With so many online shops run by big brands and designers, what most helps an online boutique to thrive is unique (4) ..................................................that can be found anywhere such as Etsy, blogs, buying markets, and showrooms. In this day and age when Internet security is of utmost importance to online customers, choosing a trustworthy e-commerce shipping platform for the buyers and retailers to (5) ..................................................is another factor that online boutique owners have to take into consideration. WRITING

Fill in the blanks using the correct form of the words that you have learnt in vocabulary list 1 – writing section.

Gas central heating boilers The basic idea of central heating is really simple: there is a boiler, which is an easily controllable furnace, (1) ………………. by gas in a handy place like the kitchen or bathroom and it uses water, (2) ……………………… by an electrically powered pump, to carry heat into radiators in all the other rooms. It's simple, convenient, efficient, and it makes even winter days a pleasure to endure! The water pipe is actually one small section of a large, continuous circuit of pipe that travels right around your home. It (3) …………………… each hot-water radiator in turn and then returns to the boiler again. As the water flows through the radiators, it (4) …………………… some of its heat and warms the rooms in turn. By the time it gets back to the boiler again, it's cooled down quite a bit. The boiler has to keep firing to (5) ………………. that the water temperature is high enough to heat the home.

251

VOCABULARY REVIEW 2 READING 1

Underline words with the indicated meanings in the extracts below 1. An adjective – of or belonging to a town or a city (paragraph A) [A] The satellite imagery also shows IS has recently damaged several of the city's government buildings in a bid to prevent their use by approaching Iraqi forces, Stratfor says. However, the jihadists once relied on many of these administrative offices themselves. The Nineveh province administration building had served as IS's municipal headquarters after it occupied the city. Now the structure has been almost completely flattened by explosives1. 2. An adjective – attractive in an exciting and special way (paragraph B) [B] “If you just want to go to fashion shows, then this probably isn’t the job for you – most of the time being a lawyer is not glamorous,” says Hoy. “Any lawyer working in the City will know that the hours can be long which is why it’s really important to enjoy what you’re doing, as at least then, the time commitment doesn’t seem so bad.” However, according to Bailey, there are some opportunities. “If you were involved in the public facing aspects of fashion, like branding and sponsorship, you’d probably see more of the glamorous side of the industry. But the top perks tend to be reserved for the top dogs,” she says2. 3. A verb – synonym of 'cater to' (paragraph C) [C] Hotels are working overtime to accommodate the needs of one of the fastest growing demographics in the travel industry: businesswomen. "Women are nearing half of all business travelers, and they make up 85% of purchase choices in the household," says Carolyn Pearson, the founder of Maiden-Voyage.com, a website that connects female business travelers across the globe and rates femme-friendly hotel brands. "A woman might choose a hotel for business travel and then, if she likes it, go back for a weekend stay, or book the room again with the family. Hotels are starting to realize that when it comes to travel decisions, women are really influential3."

http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-38025147 https://www.theguardian.com/law/2016/aug/02/is-fashion-law-as-glamorous-as-it-sounds 3 http://edition.cnn.com/2013/03/06/travel/business-travel-women-hotels/ 2

252

4. A verb – to accept or absorb an idea, opinion, belief, etc. so that it becomes part of something (paragraph D) [D] While magazines aimed at men often include pictures of scantily-clad women, Dr. David Giles said images of male bodies may be more dangerous. His work, in Personality and Individual Differences, found regular readers were more likely to exercise to excess. Another specialist said the problem affected men as much as women. "Lads" Magazines have been increasingly successful in recent years, and have attracted criticism for an alleged potential to exploit women rather than cause problems for their readership. However, Dr Giles, from the University of Winchester, said that some of the content may drive men to try to become more muscular, even if that could harm their health. Together with colleague Jessica Close, he surveyed 161 men aged between 18 and 36, and found that those who regularly read the magazines were more likely to be influenced by the imagery within. More worryingly, they said they were also more likely to consider using anabolic steroids to improve their appearance. Dr Giles said: "The message in typical lads' magazines is that you need to develop a muscular physique in order to attract a quality mate. "Readers internalise this message, which creates anxieties about their actual bodies and leads to increasingly desperate attempts to modify them4." 5. A verb – to appear by coming out of something (paragraph E) [E] Fashion has always had a special affinity for Danish beauties, from the arresting sexiness of 1980s supermodels like Renee Simonsen and Helena Christensen to the cool-girl charms of modern superstars Freja Beha Erichsen and Caroline Brasch Nielsen. The latest generation to emerge from the Scandinavian country continues to bring personality and fresh-faced beauty to the scene—not to mention a few killer runway struts, of course. These seven stunning Danes making waves on the international market are the girls to know now.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/mobile/health/7318411.stm

253

READING 2

What does the bolded word in each sentence mean? Choose A, B or C. Then write a new sentence for each bolded word. 1. The government is planning to build a waste incinerator plant in this polluted area. A. a device/place for cleaning things B. a device/place for destroying things C. a device/place for burning things  .................................................................................................................................. 2. Mexico City is one of the most densely populated cities in the world A. with a lot of people B. with only a few people C. with an ideal number of people  .................................................................................................................................. 3. I used plenty of adhesive tape to make sure that the package was sealed tightly and securely. A. slippery B. sticky C. flexible  .................................................................................................................................. 4. The formation of ethyl acetate from ethyl alcohol and acetic acid is a reversible reaction. A. able to be changed completely B. able to be turned the other way round C. able to be used again and again  .................................................................................................................................. 5. I will not preoccupy my mind with useless thoughts. A. to continue to have or to keep in existence B. to win a race or competition C. to be the main thought in someone's mind  ..................................................................................................................................

254

6. John watched her, unmoving, like a predator watches its prey. A. an animal that eats other animals B. an animal that eats only plants C. an animal that runs very fast  .................................................................................................................................. 7. Will future oil supplies be adequate to meet world needs? A. agreeable B. enough C. achievable  .................................................................................................................................. 8. Glamorous women have always been desirable in the world of fashion. A. attractive in an exciting and special way B. funny, or making you laugh C. willing to give money, help, kindness  .................................................................................................................................. 9. They spent an immense amount of time getting the machine into perfect condition A. extremely strange B. extremely small C. extremely large  ..................................................................................................................................

255

LISTENING

Fill in the blanks with the words given in the box below. Some words will not be used. colonial

reef

tidal

sequel

comprehensible

comprehensive

commencement

waves

episode

tide

1. Crop Over is one of the oldest festivals in the Western hemisphere, dating back to the …………………………….. period. 2. Most of the mudflats lie within the intertidal zone and they get submerged and exposed twice a day based on the ……………………. timings. 3. An ocean …………………………. may be up to 261 feet below the surface. 4. A smash hit for Universal Pictures, 2015's Jurassic World, will have its …………………………… coming out next year. 5. Students must obtain written permission from their parents before the ……………………………….. of their training. 6. This guide book gives a …………………………………………………… list of local businesses and services for tourists in town and even contains a street map. SPEAKING

Fill in the blanks using the words that you have learnt in vocabulary list 2 – speaking section.

A CONVERSATION ABOUT HOLIDAY Angela: Welcome back, Chris! You look great! Did you have a good time? Chris: Fantastic! Sun, sea and excellent food! (1) .................................................. Angela: It sounds so relaxing. How did you fill your days? Chris: We did almost the same things every day. We did not go to the beach for a wild time, just to (2) ................................................... Angela: Did you get to try any extreme sports? You said you would definitely give them a go this time.

256

Chris: Absolutely! It was actually the highlight of our five days there. We jet-skiied, you know, driving the personal watercraft really fast on the sea. It was really good fun. (3) .................................................. Enough about me, how about you? Any plan to travel soon? Angela: In fact I will take a vacation in France in two weeks’ time. Paris is on my itinerary for sure. I’d love sitting in a café (4) .................................................. Chris: Good for you! I am glad that you finally take some time off. You so deserve a holiday to (5) ............................................................. after working so hard for the first half of this year. WRITING

Fill in the blanks using the words that you have learnt in vocabulary list 2 – writing section. People are fatter and sicker than ever before. Obesity rates have tripled since 1980 and have increased particularly fast in children. Here are five (1) ……………….

behind the obesity

(2)................. 1. People are eating more junk food than ever. 2. People gain lots of weight during the holidays, which they never get rid of. 3. People are drinking soda and fruit juices (3) …………………… with sugar. 4. Increased food variety and lower prices are (4) ……………………. for overeating and weight gain. 5. People are leading a (5) ………………………… life style both at work and at home. (Adapted from http://www.nhs.uk)

257

VOCABULARY REVIEW 3 READING 1

Underline words with the indicated meanings in the extracts below 1. An adjective – a synonym of complex or complicated (paragraph A) [A] Mr. Schneier said the DDoS attacks observed against core net firms had a different character. To begin with they were "significantly larger" and lasted longer than most such attacks. They were also more sophisticated because the amount of data being directed at victims was slowly turned up. Often, he said, the peak data rate of one series of attacks would be the starting point for the next wave. The attackers also sought to find out what digital defences firms could muster by employing several different types of DDoS attack6. 2. A noun – resistance or dissent, expressed in action or argument. (paragraph B) [B] One parent, in particular, known in the Twitter-sphere as "Buffy the Psych Prof" detailed her daughter's high school orientation experience and expressed her opposition to the active shooter drill training was included in it. As her handle suggests, the concerned mother is a psychology professor and she has some issues about the normalization of gun violence in the United States and how it is impacting students.

3. A noun – the act of paying back (paragraph C) [C] CNN Money reported last month that protecting Trump and his family was costing New York City more than $1 million a day. The new figure from de Blasio reflects updated budgeting, a person familiar with the plan told CNN. De Blasio said at a news conference Monday that he would send letters to President Barack Obama, Congress and administration officials to "formally initiate" a reimbursem*nt process for security costs from Nov. 8, Election Day, through Jan. 208. 4. A noun – available as another possibility (paragraph D) [D] Daniels is now President of Purdue University, which is offering students an alternative to high-interest loans. Instead, they can promise to pay private investors a share of their future income in exchange for funding. How much they pay and for how long will vary based on the terms agreed upon by the student and their investor. The repayment time can be up to nine years

258

long, and the income share will be between 0.75% and 10%, according to the rules of Purdue's program9. 5. An adjective – showing an unreasonable like or dislike for a person based on personal opinions (paragraph E) [E] Tory MP leads furious backlash against the BBC over its 'biased' coverage of Donald Trump's election. Viewers complained that BBC presenters were unable to hide their displeasure at the Republican's shock victory over Hillary Clinton and had failed to convey the view of the 'silent majority' in the US. David Davies, Conservative MP for Monmouth in South Wales, said the 'surprise and anger' of the British media exposed its failure to understand ordinary voters10. READING 2

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words given in the box below. prioritize

intellectual

fed up with

pragmatic

equivalent

fast-paced

unscrupulous

manuscript

1. The Ivy League schools are considered to be gathering places for some of the most ………………………………… people in the world. 2. Many mysterious ancient ………………………………… with untold stories have been discovered over the years. 3. In business, the ………………………………… approach to problems is often more successful than an idealistic one. 4. Meat substitutes generally contain less protein than an .............................. amount of meat. 5. I'm ………………………………… cleaning up after you all the time. Look at all the mess here! 6. It seems like a lot of older people are struggling with the ………………………………… evolution of information technology. 7. You have a lot of different things to do in this job, so it is important to ………………………………… your tasks to make sure the most important things are done first. 8. There are lots of grey areas in this industry which many .............................traders love to exploit.

http://money.cnn.com/2016/11/28/pf/college/mitch-daniels-purdue/ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3921030/Tory-MP-leads-furious-backlash-against-BBC-biasedcoverage-Donald-Trump-s-election.html 10

259

LISTENING

What does the bolded word in each sentence mean? Choose A, B or C. Then write a new sentence for each bolded word. 1. Mars is sometimes called the Red Planet because of its distinctive colour. A. bright B. characteristic C. beautiful ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2. Her paintings depict the lives of ordinary people in the 19th century. A. portray B. symbolise C. glamourise ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3. Most animals’ basic needs can be met in captivity if conditions are sufficiently favourable. A. natural habitat B. freedom C. confinement ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4. The film introduces an entirely novel concept and provides a totally different experience to the viewer. A. complex B. fictitious C. new

260

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5. Another concern is the continuation of drought conditions across much of the south-east of the country. A. extension B. prevention C. exacerbation ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. SPEAKING

Fill in the blanks using the words that you have learnt in vocabulary list 3 – speaking section.

TAKING A GAP YEAR While it’s not common in the U.S., taking a gap year is considered the norm in some countries all over the world, including the United Kingdom and Australia. Oftentimes, a gap year involves staying in one spot and (1) .................................................. one culture, part of which means getting a job. No matter whether you take on (2) .................................................. in a sandwich stand in India or the supermarket in London — you’ll have valuable international experience for your resume. Another undeniable benefit of a gap year is the (3) .................................................., thanks to which you’ll be forced to integrate into a new society, a new group of friends, and maybe even new languages or cultural norms. College study requires similar adaptation skills, and you’ll be much more ready to handle it if you’ve already shifted societies once before. What’s more, you’ll have first-hand knowledge about people, places and ideas that your peers might have never even heard of. With a lot of interesting things to talk about, you can easily become (4) .................................................. Last but not least, Life feels like it’s unfolding fast right now, and in college, things only move faster. Give yourself room to think and breathe and be on long train rides from country to country or in days spent strolling through new towns. (5) .................................................., you’ll know what’s important in life before most people do.

261

WRITING

Look at the table below. Fill in the blanks using the words that you have learnt in vocabulary list 3 – writing section. STUDENT NUMBERS IN RELATION WITH SCHOOL BUDGET ON FACILITIES

Budget (Millions)

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

4.24

5.67

5.73

7.21

9.42

8.64

6.20

9.33

10.04

12.6

12.9

14.5

14.4

11.2

Students 12 (Thousands)

The table indicates the correlation between the number of students and the amount of money a school spent on facilities from 1975 to 2015 at five-year (1) …………………….. It is apparent that the changes in the student body reflected the variations in the school budget. In 1975, the school (2) …………………….. 4.24 million for facilities, followed by a rise of over 1 million five years later and relative stability until 1985. There was a constant budgetary increase to 9.42 million over the next decade, which proved to be short-lived because the (3)........................... figure dropped consistently, hitting 6.20 million by 2005. The last ten years witnessed a recovery to eventually reach a peak at 10.04 million. The student body of this school (4) ..…………………….. from 12 to 14.4 thousand in the first twenty five years, showing the similar steady rise as the school’s spending on facilities. However, when the budget was cut, only 11,200 students (5) .…………………….., a significant drop of over 3000. The change in enrollment of the last two years mirrored the rise in budget.

262

VOCABULARY REVIEW 4 READING 1

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words given in the box below. instantaneous

hitherto

yield

grid

hierarchical

well-off

cumulative

prevail

equitable

outstrip

1. In today's society, the technology we carry in our pockets means people often expect an …………………………………., or immediate, response to emails and text messages. 2. A very shy girl in my philosophy class who was …………………………… totally silent finally spoke up today and asked a very intelligent question. 3. The new programme will be based on clear rules and criteria, ensuring that access is fair and ................................................. 4. The president was determined that the goal of winning the war .............................. over all else. 5. A major incident in L.A. could shut down public infrastructure, power ……………………., food distribution networks, transportation arteries, and the phone lines. 6. At some point, internal productivity gains ……………………………. market growth, creating excess capacity. 7. I grew up with a very …………………………………. view of the world, based on clearly defined levels of status. 8. Eating a single chocolate doughnut is fine, but the …………………………………… effect of eating them all day is that you'll probably feel sick. 9. Studies have shown that there is as much drug use in…………………………….. areas as in poor neighbourhoods. 10. He found that the control of air pollution from stationary sources ………………………… benefits that were much greater than the resulting costs.

263

READING 2

Underline words with the indicated meanings in the extracts below 1 – an adverb: ‘despite’ The state had witnessed a long-drawn agitation over the issue of illegal migration from Bangladesh leading to the signing of the Assam Accord, many of whose clauses are yet to be implemented. The majority of the state’s population are not ready to accept citizenship status for any migrants irrespective of their religion, and certain religious groups may face severe discrimination. 2 – a noun: synonymous to motivation One of Phil Knight’s incentives, just like everyone else, is that he wanted to make money. But his main incentive was that heand his former coach were unsatisfied with the quality of running shoes at the time. So he wanted to make them better with new designs. 3 – an adjective: easily influenced or affected by something A new study published by University of Toronto researchers suggests that women who have never smoked are susceptible to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and that African American women are particularly vulnerable to. 4 – a noun: an idea that attempts to explain something but has not yet been tested or proved to be correct A controversial new hypothesis challenging understanding of gravity is wrong has just passed an important first test. First proposed back in 2010, the new hypothesis states that gravity might behave and arise very differently from Einstein's prediction, and an independent study of more than 30,000 galaxies has now found the first evidence to back this up. 5 – a noun: more of something than is necessary The Town of Souris is in good financial shape thanks to some expenses being less than anticipated, says the town's mayor. Mayor David MacDonald said the town has a $24,000 surplus. He added the chair of the finance committee had spent the town's money wisely, something residents have come to expect based on surpluses over the past several years. 6 – an adjective: relating to theories which explain phenomena in purely physical or deterministic terms

264

In this study, which focused on enhancers of genes important for specifying the fruit fly body plan, Zeitlinger and her colleagues drew on knowledge from diverse sources - developmental genetics and its mechanistic analyses of DNA enhancers, mechanistic studies on histone modifications, and insights from global genomics analyses using next-generation sequencing - to develop their unifying model of how DNA enhancers work. They used ChIP-seq analysis to generate high-resolution maps of DNA enhancers under different conditions. 7 – a noun: the quality of being based on or in accordance with reason or logic When logic and rationality are taken to the extreme, even those who rely on objective evidence can form moral ideologies, sorting others’ beliefs among virtues and vices. This phenomenon is what gives rise to the ‘angry atheist,’ according to a new study. Psychologists found that people high in ‘moralized rationality’ have a tendency to react with strong emotions and intolerance when confronted with beliefs that center on less rational processes, as they perceive these as immoral. LISTENING

What does the bolded word in each sentence mean? Choose A, B or C. Then write a new sentence for each bolded word. 1. The film incorporates elements of fantasy and science fiction. A. to include something B. to exclude something C. to introduce something  .................................................................................................................................. 2. The cat tangled up all the threads. A. fix all the mistakes B. create a totally new object C. make something into a mess  ..................................................................................................................................

265

3. For basketball learners, running around cones is a simple drill that helps develop ball carrying skills and coordination. A. a type of tools B. a type of practices C. a type of techniques  .................................................................................................................................. 4. It takes three years for a farmer to develop a bamboo plantation from scratch. A. from the beginning B. from the old crops C. from bamboo shoots  ..................................................................................................................................

SPEAKING

Fill in the blanks using the words that you have learnt in vocabulary list 4 – speaking section. 1. When my sister and I were small, I still remember how we used to ........................................ small things such as who can play a toy or who can watch the show they want on TV. 2. Going through my mother’s childhood photos, I realized that she looked exactly like me when she was young. In other words, I am the ……………………. of her. 3. Many celebrities have relatives that look as stunning as they are, proving that good look ……………………………………………… 4. The nun devotes her whole life to the well-being of orphans, raising them although they are not her …………………………………………… 5.……………………………………………………….. when it comes to driving because children tend to imitate their parents’ careless driving behaviors.

266

WRITING

Fill in the blanks using the words that you have learnt in vocabulary list 4 – writing section.

Japan's doctors propose raising 'outdated' retirement age to 75 Many Japanese doctors now believe that the commonly accepted 65-year threshold is “terribly outdated” and needs to be lifted to take account of longer (1) ………………………………. and changing social attitudes to ageing. Under the proposals advanced by a joint committee of leading (2) ………………………., people aged 65-74 would be classified as pre-old age and those over 75 would be in the old age category. People who have passed their 90th birthday would be described as “super-old”. Japan has long (3) ……………………... with demographic challenges as older people increasingly represent a greater share of a declining population. The proportion of the population that is over 65 is projected to rise from 27% to 38% in 2065. This (4) ……………………………… as dwindling numbers of working-age taxpayers will need to support greater demands on health and care services. In 2015, one senior citizen was supported by an average of 2.3 workers, but this (5) ……………………is expected to be one senior to 1.3 workers by 2065, according to official data.

(Adapted from “The Guardian”)

267

VOCABULARY REVIEW 5 READING 1

What does the bolded word in each sentence mean? Choose A, B or C. Then write a new sentence for each bolded word. 1. Human remains were found during the excavation. A. The action of covering something B. The action of digging something C. The action of hiding something  .................................................................................................................................. 2. He spun and strode away before she could formulate a response A. to develop the details B. to repair something C. to change position  .................................................................................................................................. 3. He is expected to win by a large majority in the forthcoming elections. A. near the end of a period of time B. nearly complete C. happening soon  .................................................................................................................................. 4. What are the basic constituents of the mixture? A. parts of a combination B. the way in which something is done C. a set of steps in a progress  .................................................................................................................................. 5. The country's most valuable commodities include tin and diamonds. A. substances or products that can be extracted B. substances or products that can be produced C. substances or products that can be traded  ..................................................................................................................................

268

READING 2

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words given in the box below. archaeology

worthwhile

duplicate

credible

evident

cardiovascular

sufficient

unprecedented

1. This century has witnessed environmental destruction on an ………………………………….. scale that we have never seen before. 2. Prevention of .................................... disease has to be integrated into primary health care 3. His arrest for lewd behaviour seriously damaged his ………………………………….. as a religious TV personalitys. 4. Daniel is very interested in history and ………………………………….. and often visits historic sites. 5. The documents had been ………………………………….. into multiple copies. 6. Her natural gift of drawing is ............................................ from her excellent works of art. 7. She considers teaching a ………………………………….. career as it brings her so much happiness in her life. 8. It was thought that he'd committed the crime but there wasn't …………………………………… evidence to convict him.

269

LISTENING

Match each word in column A with its definition in column B. Some definitions will not be used. Column A

1. moderately (adv) 2. hollow (adj) 3. relent (v) 4. gruelling (adj) 5. ethic (n)

Column B a. having an empty space inside b. to a certain extent; fairly c. a set of moral principles, especially ones relating to or affirming a specified group, field, or form of conduct. d. a set of moral principles e. become less severe or intense f. in a manner showing no signs of pride or self-assertion g. a flat area that is at, or not much higher than, sea level h. extremely difficult

SPEAKING

Fill in the blanks using the words that you have learnt in vocabulary list 5 – speaking section.

MY FAVORITE TV SHOW Every Sunday night without fail, after dinner, my family sits in front of the TV, anxiously waiting for our most favorite show on (1) .................................................. TV to date “Game of thrones”. When I first heard about it, I always thought it was about the past and wars, which is not exactly my cup of tea. Even when I saw all the reviews about it and the 9.5/10 IMDB rating for it, I still doubted if it was worth a shot. Then, this show (2) .................................................. by almost everybody I talked to. Eventually, I started watching the series and when I reached episode 5, I was like “I am done.” But then all my friends encouraged me to continue on the show whose (3) .................................................. was going through the roof. I had no idea what to expect, but this time around I (4) .................................................. it, and after the first season I binged the whole series in a week. When season 2 was on air, I’m obsessed and proud to say I’m a “Game of thrones” geek. Finishing season 6, I am not watching the whole series again online to avoid the interruption by (5) ..................................................

270

WRITING

Look at the diagram below. Fill in the blanks using the words that you have learnt in vocabulary list 5 – writing section.

The diagram shows how canned pears are produced. Overall, this is a complex and technically advanced process with the use of (1) …………………….. (2)………………………………… and a certain amount of human labor. The process (3) ……………………………… when pears are harvested by hand and are then taken by lorry to be cleaned in the factory. Before being stored in a refrigerator, they are checked for quality and weighed on industrial scales. Next the pears are peeled to remove unwanted skin, and the tough core is removed so only the juicy flesh remains. After that, the pear is sliced into bite sized pieces before being canned. Production (4) …………………… when the can is sealed with an air tight lid for cleanliness and after that is cooked at a high temperature to kill any unwanted germs. The (5) ……………………. step is labelling and storing the final products before distributing them to retailers.

271

VOCABULARY REVIEW 6 READING 1

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words given in the box below. confront

suspend

enclosure

hostile

reluctance

epidemic

proactive

corruption

1. She was ………………………………… from school for fighting. 2. This politician has a reputation for integrity. He has never got involved in any kind of ………………………………… 3. After a few hours, she ………………………………… agreed to our proposal. 4. At the time, our country was ………………………………… with serious economic difficulties. 5. It is crucial that organisations have a ...................................... rather than reactive outlook. 6. There has been a ………………………………… reaction to the government's proposed tax increases. There are major protests everywhere throughout the country. 7. The tiger has seldom ever bred in.............................................. 8. Medical researchers estimate the flu ………………………………… will infect over a fourth of the nation’s population.

272

READING 2

What does the bolded word in each sentence mean? Choose A, B or C. Then write a new sentence for each bolded word. 1. We ask anyone who has the following symptoms to stay in quarantine. We can’t allow more people to get infected! A. a period of time during which someone or something is taken care of B. a period of time during which someone or something is cured C. a period of time during which someone or something is kept away  .................................................................................................................................. 2. The government has conceded that the new tax policy has been a disaster A. promised B. announced C. admitted  .................................................................................................................................. 3. Her plans to make him jealous backfired on her when he started dating her best friend. A. had the opposite result B. had the expected result C. had the best result  .................................................................................................................................. 4. I tried to conceal my surprise when she told me her age. A. to join or be joined with something else B. to prevent something from being seen or known C. to communicate with someone  .................................................................................................................................. 5. Let's keep our fingers crossed for Sophie. She has her exam this morning. A. to hope that something will happen B. to prepare for something bad to happen C. to curse the other students

273

LISTENING

Underline words with the indicated meanings in the extracts below 1. A noun - the treatment of injuries or diseases in people or animals by cutting open the body. [A] For one New York family, it’s a very special holiday as 7-month-old Vincent Bono celebrates his first Christmas. His parents say it’s much more than a milestone — it’s a blessing. “My pregnancy, I was worried every day,” mom Nicole Bono recalls. Baby Vincent was born with a type of craniosynostosis, a rare birth defect that causes a ridge on the forehead. For some children, surgery is necessary to allow the brain to grow and develop normally. The surgery went well, so we are very thankful for that,” father Mark Bono said, as little Vincent bounced in his lap in front the Christmas tree11. 2. A noun (plural form) – devices, machines, or pieces of equipment, especially an electrical one that are used in the house (paragraph B) [B] Like with Black Friday, Boxing Day is a great opportunity for shoppers to get their hands on all sorts of electrical appliances, health and beauty products, clothes and more for a fraction of the price. Last year Amazon had more than 5000 offers available with an average of 35 per cent off prices, including discounts on Lenova laptops, New Balance trainers, diamond earrings, and even Ketel One vodka. Other stores to watch include Argos (last year deals included 60 per cent off furniture, and discounts on Dyson and LG products), Currys PC World (discounts on Lenovo, Sony, and Dyson products), and Debenhams, offering reductions on Breville kitchen appliances in 201512. 3. A noun – a substance that you put on to prevent or hide unpleasant smells (paragraph C) [C] Why would I want to replace my deodorant?” I asked when one of my coworkers here at CE suggested I ditch the stick I was using. I soon learned that conventional deodorants are filled with toxins like parabens (preservatives), formaldehyde, and aluminum. He showed me research that reveals how using these products for prolonged periods so near to our breasts poses many dangers, including creating estrogen-like (hormonal) effects. Estrogen has the ability to promote the growth of breast cancer cells, so some scientists have suggested that the aluminum-based compounds in antiperspirants may contribute to the development of breast cancer.13 4. An adjective – not using artificial chemicals (paragraph D)

http://www.cbsnews.com/news/innovative-skull-surgery-helps-baby-celebrate-first-christmas/ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/christmas/0/boxing-day-sales-do-start-time-do-shops-opens-best-deals/ 13 http://www.collective-evolution.com/2016/12/25/how-to-use-lemons-as-natural-deodorant/ 12

274

[D] Demand for organic foods has been strong as consumers are increasingly seeking products considered to be more natural and healthy. In 2015, total organic product sales hit a new high of $43.3 billion, up 11 percent from the previous year's record level, according to the Organic Trade Association. The program will "facilitate the investment in transitional agriculture through a consistent set of rules, and ultimately support the continued growth of organic agriculture," the USDA said in a notice. Farmers must grow crops for three years without using prohibited substances, such as genetically-modified seeds and synthetic pesticides, in order to be certified as fully organic14. SPEAKING

Fill in the blanks using the words that you have learnt in vocabulary list 6 – speaking section.

MY BELOVED GRANDMA People normally have a close relationship with their mum and dad. However, I am an exception. If my grandma was a kangaroo, I should be the little one inside her bag. We had such a great relationship because I lived with her since I was a newborn baby. My grandma had short, curly, dense hair with black pearl color and (1) ................................................. skin like many others in their 80s. When she laughed, her eyes looked like a pair of rainbow. Because of her (2) ................................................., my home is harmonious, and everyone in the neighborhood loved her. At my young age, she taught me that it is good to be brave, follow your heart and never give up no matter there is any difficulty discouraging you. When I misbehaved or disrespected, she was (3) ..................... to teach me lessons of self-discipline and righteousness. When I was in mid-30s, she became (4) ................................................., so it was my turn to take care of her, and she still kept nurturing the positive power on me as time went by. The day I lost her to a (5) ................................................. was perhaps the saddest day in my life, but her last words helped me overcome the pain and become the strong person she spent her whole life raising me to be.

275

WRITING

Fill in the blanks using the words that you have learnt in vocabulary list 6 – writing section.

SOME TYPICAL TRAITS OF CHILDREN’S BEHAVIORS While small kids are very egocentric and believe that everyone sees the world the way they do, as they get older, they gradually learn to see the world from a different perspective. This crucial (1) …………………… development marks the growth of one’s mind on the way to adulthood. Kids can also be very self-centered. They prize their own needs and interests above those of others. By the time kids get older, this perception of self changes and they become more (2) ………………, treating people the way they want to be treated. Another major difference is that kids are very (3) …………, easily distracted, and their concentration span is very limited. It might be easy to get children feel excited and they will be happy to participate in any activity conducted, but it is important to offer enough (4) ………………………. motivation such as gifts to keep kids engaged. Also, although young children have a reputation for being (5) …………………., they are actually pretty good at evaluating sources of information. By the age of 5, a new study finds, children become wary of adults who tend to make false, though, overly-confident claims.

276

VOCABULARY REVIEW 7 READING 1

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words given in the box below. frugal

viable

cognitive

unenviable

diverge

gregarious

vital

morph

ancillary

insatiable

1. The curious thing about religion in this country is that it is beginning to …………………….. along two separate pathways. 2. The Basques were respected as hard workers who were ………………………………….. with their money and conservative in their politics. 3. A number of videos taken over the past couple of days shows a shimmering black object in the sky .......................................... into different shapes and sizes. 4. He's actually a lot more …………………………….. than most people I knew at that age – and more willing to talk to people who are not at all like him. 5. The damp heat and the dirt and noise coming from the construction sites gave the town a(n) ……………………………………. reputation. 6. Traditionally museums have been built to house collections and serve ……………………… functions such as storage, conservation, administration, and education. 7. Her desire for knowledge was .................................................. 8. Going to a library is a ………………………………….. alternative to those of us who cannot afford expensive books. 9. The best treatment for phobia is a psychological treatment called ……………………………….. behavioural therapy. 10. Each player assumes a specific role that is ………………………………………. to the overall team framework.

277

READING 2

Find words with indicated meanings in the extracts below 1 – a noun - goods to be bought and sold, sometimes linked to a pre-existing brand The McDonald's in the Disney Village in Orlando had a particularly wide range of merchandise when I visited the area in 2000. Schlosser notes that at the Ray A. Kroc Museum you are forced to walk through McStore where ‘You can buy bean-bag McBurglar dolls, telephones shaped like french fries, ties, clocks, key chains, golf bags and duffel bags, jewelry, baby clothes, lunch boxes, mouse pads, leather jackets, postcards, toy trucks, and much more, all of it bearing the stamp of McDonald's.’ 2 – a verb - gather into a crowd or mass The flower Rafflesia arnoldii is often referred to by the endearing name of “rotting corpse plant.” An open flower can hold gallons of “nectar” and measure more than three feet across. Flies and various beetles must think the smell to be wonderful as they congregate by the thousands on petals, greatly aiding in the pollination process as the insects flit from Rafflesia to Rafflesia. 3 – an adjective - relating to or involving preliminary investigation When I started this study, my goal was to be able to see stores through the customers’ eyes. I wanted to know what they were looking at and what aspects of design stood out to them and how it made them feel. It was really more of an exploratory study, I entered not knowing what I was going to get out of it but I was hoping to get answers that would be impactful for interior designers. 4 – a noun - a person who seeks to promote the welfare of others Once today's millionaires and billionaires hit it big, they're chased by the expectation that they, like the philanthropists of the past – the Carnegies and Rockefellers, who endowed some of the United States' great universities and other public institutions – will give away at least some of their fortune to make the world a better place.

278

LISTENING

Underline words with the indicated meanings in the extracts below 1. An adjective – of, relating to, or characteristic of a particular period of the year (paragraph A) [A] Even though setting the clocks back during winter leads to an extra hour of sleep, the added hour of darkness in the evening is harder to handle, according to a new study. The results come as no surprise to psychiatrists, such as Norman Rosenthal, who work with patients experiencing seasonal depression. He was the first to describe and diagnose seasonal affective disorder and the light therapy that treats it15. 2. A noun – a long piece of writing on a particular subject (paragraph B) [B] A dissertation is supposed to be the culmination of years of study for students - the piece of original research and extended writing where a student demonstrates their understanding and expertise in their subject. Not if someone like Jezek has written it for you. He's a freelance writer, a pen for hire, in an industry which appears to be growing rapidly. Commercial essay writing firms are becoming increasingly blatant in their appeals to students16. 3. A noun – a list of the books and articles that have been used by someone when writing a particular book or article (paragraph C) [C] When you are writing your essay or report, you'll find that you want to include information from sources you have come across in your research. It's fine to include these, as long as you credit the original authors and acknowledge where you found the information. You will come across a number of sources for information during your research. Only some of them need to be credited in a bibliography17. 4. A noun – an unfair and unreasonable opinion or feeling, especially when formed without enough thought or knowledge (paragraph D) [D] Ending prejudice may be as easy as turning on your television. Depending on the program, it just might change your view of the world for the better. Science has shown that exposure to certain programs can make a huge impression, especially if you've had limited exposure to a particular group in the past. This latest study presented to the Society for Personality and Social

279

Psychology found a nationally representative sample of people who watched some episodes of a show called "Little Mosque on the Prairie" had less prejudice toward Muslims and Arabs after watching the show18. SPEAKING

Fill in the blanks using the words that you have learnt in vocabulary list 7 – speaking section.

MY CULINARY EXPERIENCE IN ITALY The best places to eat, in my opinion, are not necessarily high-end and luxurious restaurants but those that are (1) ................................................. with their own recipes and often very welcoming owner or staff. One time, when I was looking for a restaurant in Rome recommended by the guide book, I found a little diner by accident, which was actually my best culinary experience in this city. The place was not crowded because it was a little (2) .................................................. Right at the beginning, I felt very welcome by the owner himself who also took my order. This diner was run by his family, which made the whole place feel like home. Not feeling particularly hungry, I only wanted to (3) ................................. before carrying on discovering Rome. The owner recommended a typical Umbrian dish of small meat ravioli under a sauce of cream, sausage called agnolotti alla Norcina, which I am sure can satisfy even the most (4) .................................................. Everybody working there was perhaps the friendliest people I ever met despite the language barrier between us. When I was about to leave, the owner surprised me with their home-made ice-cream (5) ................................................. which at first I thought was a mistake because I was too full to order a dessert. I left the place with my stomach full of exquisite Italian food and my heart full of pure joy.

280

WRITING

Look at the pie charts below. Fill in the blanks using the words that you have learnt in vocabulary list 7 – writing section.

Average Household Expenditures by Major Category

According to the diagram, Malay people spend a (1) …………………………. 34% on an average for housing which is the largest percentage of their expenditure among the given five categories. They allocate 27% to foods and almost same percentage on other goods and services. Expenditure on healthcare (2) ………………………. only 3% of their total expenditure. On the other hand, (3) ……………………………….. in Japanese households is slightly higher than that in Malaysia (29% as opposed to 26%, respectively) while their second largest expenditure is for food (24%). They spend 6% on health care which is the least percentage of their expenditure. Transportation-related cost makes up a (4) ……………………… one fifth of the total sum, which is (5) ……………….. the record from Malaysia.

281

VOCABULARY REVIEW 8 READING 1

Choose the correct letter, A-D. 1. At a superficial level, I was different only because I wore different clothes. A. extraordinary B. high C. surface D. in-depth 2. Many areas had serious underlying problems which were overshadowing significant improvements being made to health services. A. eclipsing B. foreshadowing C. signifying D. requiring 3. Vancomycin 3.0 is considered the most potent antibiotics ever created. A. potential B. impotent C. possible D. effective 4. House prices now seem to be levelling off after the steep rises of the last few years. A. increasing B. becoming static C. falling dramatically D. fluctuating 5. Many local people feel the new procedures limit their chances to overturn decisions with which they disagree. A. protest B. conform to C. reverse D. discuss

282

READING 2

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words given in the box below. metaphor

underpin

peer

discipline (n)

modification

vigorously

subsistence

buffer

infirm

stimulus

erroneous

inadvertently

1. The best method for routine hand washing is to cover the hands with soap and ………………………………………. rub for at least 10 seconds. 2. She worked as a cleaning lady, waitress, and nursing home aid, and realised that a single job does not provide enough money for …………………………………….. 3. Project ……………………. allow project managers to be able to account for unforeseen situations without having to change the coordination of a project in a major way. 4. ………………………….. is not peculiar, strange, or exclusive to military organization but to civilian society as well. No business organization could operate without it. 5. A monarchy which strives to avoid political controversy now finds itself ........................... at the heart of it. 6. There is a(n) ……………………………………… perception that high-profile players make good managers. 7. He was ……………………………….. of body but still keen of mind, and though it looked like he couldn't walk across the room, he crushed me in debate. 8. ‘ He was a tiger in the fight’ is an example of ………………………………… 9. Classroom discussion with teachers and …………………………………… can help students improve cognitive ability and communication skills. 10. If the tax were abolished, it would act as a(n) ................................... to expats. 11. An understanding of market structure ………………………………….. all pricing decisions made by marketers. 12. In many cases, cholesterol can be brought down by diet …………………………………. alone.

283

READING 3

Find words with indicated meanings in the extracts below 1 – an adjective: completely developed or trained From the ‘buzz’ word in the computing world, cloud computing has matured as a full-fledged business strategy that holds many advantages and applications. Even now a lot of enhancements and innovations are going on to make the services faster, better and safer. 2 – a verb: to reduce something in size or amount, or use up the supply or resources of Human consumption could deplete groundwater in parts of India, southern Europe and the U.S. in the coming decades, according to new research presented today. In the U.S., aquifers in California’s Central Valley, Tulare Basin and southern San Joaquin Valley, could be depleted within the 2030s. Aquifers in the southern High Plains, which supply groundwater to parts of Texas, Oklahoma and New Mexico, could reach their limits between the 2050s and 2070s, according to the new research. 3 – a noun: an idea or opinion formed before enough information is available One of my pet peeves is the tendency to knee-jerk reactions without attempting to engage in a real conversation. Oftentimes, it feels as though issues become bigger than necessary because a statement is taken out of context or twisted to fit a certain preconception. My feeling is that our viewpoints may not align, but we owe each other the common courtesy to discuss and possibly learn from each other. 4 – an adjective: very near, next to, or touching The City of Milwaukee's Plan Commission on Monday, December 5th considered designs for a pedestrian mall and entertainment block in association with the new Milwaukee Bucks arena in downtown Milwaukee. On November 16th, the Bucks released renderings showing the entertainment block that will be constructed adjacent to the new downtown arena.

284

LISTENING

Match each word in column A with its definition in column B. Some definitions will not be used. Then write 5 sentences using the words. Column A

Column B

1. malaria

.................

a. not following one’s intended route

2. hi-spec

.................

b. a systematic way of doing something

3. obsolete

.................

c. a synonym of ambiguous or uncertain

4. methodology ................. 5. inconclusive

.................

d. a word to describe something that has good specifications e. a synonym of outdated f. a disease that you can get from a parasite transmitted by mosquito

285

SPEAKING

Fill in the blanks using the words that you have learnt in vocabulary list 8 – speaking section. MY FIRST APARTMENT I used to move around a lot for work and so try not to get too attached to houses or flats I rented as I was never sure how long I might be in them. Also, I felt reluctant to (1) ........................................ to buy my own place because I didn't want to carry an enormous debt over a long time. After 5 years, I decided to settle down and (2) ................................................. The house is in Nether Edge, which is an established residential suburb in the south-west of the City of Sheffield, England. It is a relatively affluent area with wide tree-lined streets and lots of little boutique shops, delicatessens and even its own well-established amateur theatre in the area. It has a real community sense because everyone there seems to know their neighbours. I did not have time to shop for furniture, so I was glad that the house was (3) ................................................, which also helps preserving the Victorian feel of the original interior. One of my passions is cooking and I’d love to have friends or family around on weekend for a meal, so my kitchen is fully equipped with all (4) ................................................ including a dishwasher, a microwave oven, a two-door fridge, and a grill. Fortunately, I had been working hard and saving for years to afford this house, so now I am just (5) ................................................ WRITING

Fill in the blanks using the words that you have learnt in vocabulary list 8 – writing section.

A PLANT-BASED DIET Since I went 100% plant-based, I’ve noticed a much higher sense of well-being overall, along with other health benefits. Lower cholesterol is one of the main benefits you’ll receive from embracing plant-based foods such as vegetables, fruits, whole grains, nuts, and seeds, which can actually lower the risk of (1) …………………………….. such as coronary heart disease. While animal foods have been linked to cancer, especially colon and breast cancer, a low fat, whole foods plantbased diet is the number one way to reduce the (2) …………………. of such conditions. What’s more, recent studies have concluded that (3) …………………………………. like berries and beans alleviate some diabetes symptoms because the rate at which destructive molecules are produced is reduced. That being said, there are concerns about protein shortage or calcium (4) ………………….. caused by a plant-based diet, which is also believed by some to (5) …………………… people whose life style is physically demanding such as children or athletes.

286

VOCABULARY REVIEW 9 READING 1

Find words with indicated meanings in the extracts below 1 – a noun: A person or thing differing from all other members of a particular group or set In every craft or competition, there are the true outliers. Usually, these outliers will have separated themselves from the pack due to their own greatness and transcendent skill that forces them into the isolated part of the bell curve; however, skill and greatness are not the only factors that can force a team or player into a realm of their own. Sometimes, outliers are defined not by their ability to succeed, but simply by their totally unique in and out-of-game characteristics that make it impossible to categorise them with the rest of the crowd. 2 – a noun: a mode of behavior or way of thought peculiar to an individual The planarian flatworm is a smooshed noodle of an organism that can be found all over the planet. This peculiar creature, famous for its regenerative abilities (like when some grew two heads in space), may have another unforeseen idiosyncrasy: It not only reacts to light after decapitation, but it gradually recoups an ability to see finer aspects of light as its eyes and brain grow back. 3 – an adjective: unable to be challenged or denied There is a fundamental shift amongst consumers in their use of mobile, making it indisputable that apps play a significant role in a consumer’s mobile experience. In the time that desktop audiences have grown 1%, mobile audiences have grown a staggering 41%. 4 – a noun: a person with an interest or concern in something, especially a business These may be extreme examples, but the reality is that engineers must communicate with a broad range of stakeholders throughout various stages of projects. As well as the general community, these can include clients, regulators and suppliers/contractors as well as internal stakeholders such as managers, colleagues and employees/subordinates.

287

READING 2

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words given in the box below. masculine

scarce

contours (n)

humble

bisect

holistic

hem in

accelerate

showy

churn out

ensue

oblige

1. One gender study found that ……………………………. traits were often associated with power. 2. As if there was a factory ………………….. these cheap bikes ……………. around the corner, they kept multiplying. 3. The Equator is a line that ................................................... the planet. 4. Early humans lived in an environment in which food resources were ……………………………….. 5. We will all need to get beyond our individual narrow interests and begin to develop a ……………………………………….. solution that works for everyone. 6. Despite their ……………………………. beginnings, they are an internationally recognised and respected organisation. 7. The design was simple and effective, neither being too flashy nor ……………………………………, proving the point that sometimes less is more. 8. All I could see was this cold compartment around me, closing me, ………………………….. me ………………. 9. The vehicle can …………………………………… from 0 to 60 mph in roughly 16 seconds. 10. On a map without ……………………….., two communities cut off from one another by an impassable mountain may appear as close neighbours. 11. If the law …………………………………….. us to pay our taxes, then we will. 12. Consequently, there can be a lot of competition during the negotiations that …………………………………………… afterwards.

288

LISTENING

Choose the correct letter, A-D. 1. Walking someone to the door is considered a courteous gesture. A. cautious B. nervous C. polite D. courageous 2. He accepted the employment on the premise that he would receive an annual bonus of 25%. A. proposition B. promise C. assumption D. introduction 3. It does not incur any additional costs - we just pay for Internet access. A. cover B. induce C. increase D. resolve 4. They see politics as people manoeuvring for advantage. A. changing B. lying C. manipulating D. progressing 5. The area is designed to include residential space. A. commercial property B. parking lots C. hospitals D. private dwellings

289

SPEAKING

Fill in the blanks using the words that you have learnt in vocabulary list 9 – speaking section. A FOOTBALL GAME I am an avid fan of football and I regularly go to the stadium of my home team to watch them play and cheer them on. In the old days, fans used to (1) ............................................. and stand on the terraces but nowadays football stadiums are all-seater. A capacity crowd was expected for the local ‘Derby’ between my team and their local rivals last Sunday. The rivalry was friendly but fierce and bragging rights were at stake. I arrived to the stadium about an hour before the match. I entered the stadium through a (2) ................................................ and there was time to have a cup of hot bovril and a meat pie before taking to my seat about twenty minutes before kick-off. The atmosphere was (3) .................................... and tense. Both sets of supporters were (4) ................................................ in their vocal support of their respective team and joyously sing football anthems. The two halves of forty-five minutes of football were bound to be fast and furious, action-packed with drama and tension with near-misses, penalty shouts and undeserved abuse hurled at the referee. By five o’clock, the game came to the end. Either people went home full of joy or disappointment, there were goals and a story to tell through the eyes of someone who (5) ............................................football. WRITING

Look at the maps below. Fill in the blanks using the words that you have learnt in vocabulary list 9 – writing section.

290

An illustration of the development in the Eastminster over two (1) ……………………………………, 1909 and 2009, is depicted in the presented maps. Overall, this town (2) ……………………………... with the establishment of more facilities on both sides of the river. Looking at the southeast side, streets of houses were altered to be apartment blocks. The hospital and small shops remained unchanged alongside the river. Similarly, railway station still settled on the west of the town. Noticeably, the school was (3) …………………………… and replaced by a shopping complex. In the northwest position, the trees in woodland were (4) ……………………, making way for a second apartment blocks, while the park adjacent to them was also (5) ………………….. in size. A particular distinction has been noted, it was a hotel featured with golf field standing in place of a mansion with gardens. A new school also has been built next to the hotel.

291

VOCABULARY REVIEW 10 READING 1

Underline words with the indicated meanings in the extracts below 1. A noun – synonymous to increase or development Fourteen murders and seven attempted murders so far this year illustrate the escalation of attacks against defenders in Guatemala, met by a lack of action by the authorities. The wave of aggressions against those working against impunity, including judges and lawyers, questions the very existence of the rule of law in Guatemala. 2. A verb – to be a typical example of something While the the Bee Gees rose to rarefied heights in the disco era (and plummeted just as precipitously once the genre fell out of fashion), those 60’s singles still exemplify their rare combination of pop songwriting smarts and gilded harmonies better than any of the other music they released in their storied career. And “I’ve Gotta Get A Message To You” just might be the high-water mark of that period. 3. A noun – an event that causes a lot of damage or makes a lot of people suffer A day after a chain reaction explosion leveled an open-air fireworks bazaar in Mexico, killing at least 31 people, local and state officials in Texas offered reassurances that regulations would prevent such a catastrophe from occurring here. 4. A verb – to quickly increase in number or amount According to experts, indoor pollution is five times the outdoor pollution. While we spend long hours at home, we cannot see the pollutants. Poor air circulation, poorly maintained household appliances, construction activities and gases from waste dumping grounds compound the problem. Limited circulation of fresh air or sunlight in such buildings may help bacteria proliferate, and most major city offices are being turned into glass box towers. 5. An idiomatic phrase – firmly committed to something "It's very uncommon for people to question the constitution, the way government works [or] the Electoral College system," Professor O'Connor says. "Americans are so wedded to this idea that their founding was exceptional and special and unique — that those Founding Fathers were kind of geniuses. It's just all part of a form of nationalism that Americans are really drawn to." 6. A noun - a failure to work in a normal or satisfactory manner

292

The Northwest's only nuclear power plant shut down unexpectedly shortly before noon on Sunday. The shutdown was caused by an equipment malfunction at the Bonneville Power Administration's substation near the Columbia Generating Station, which is operated by Energy Northwest. The Tri-City Herald reports that cold weather caused the loss of the 500-kilovolt line connecting the nuclear plant's main output transformers to the substation. 7. a noun – synonymous to ‘intruder’ The kids were surprised to see an adult in the teen space - an interloper in their clearly marked territory, flanked by a ping pong table and a large Smart TV that I don't know how to use. I told them to make themselves at home, that I was tired and was on my way to bed anyway. They thanked me and plopped down on the couch to begin what teens do in my basem*nt most weekends - hang out. READING 2

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words given in the box below. rigid

primitive

lineage

genome

disperse

inferior

compact

unregulated

hastily

painstakingly

1. A black market is also called an underground economy or ………………………….. economy. 2. We could tell he was hiding something from the way he …………………………….. changed the subject. 3. It is no big secret that Liam and Noel Gallagher's ................................ is 100% Irish with both of their parents hailing from the Emerald Isle. 4. Competitions in kindergarten may put some children under the impression that they're ……………………………….. to their peer in some specific field. 5. …………………….. technology is a practice where you make things in the wild completely from scratch using no modern tools or materials. 6. Funds raised by the event will be ……………………………. among more than 30 charities and organisations over the coming months. 7. In the traditional darkroom, a photographer would …………………………………… figure out a 'recipe' for making each print.

293

8. The ………………………………. of mammals include genes that have been duplicated throughout evolutionary history. 9. Although the nanostructure looks like a spring, it is actually …………………………, rather than elastic, and holds its shape even when it is isolated. 10. Snow often accumulates and can eventually …………………………….. to form glaciers and ice caps. LISTENING

Choose the correct letter, A-D. There can be MORE THAN ONE correct answer. 1. A new poll has …………………….. whether TV viewers are fed up with all the violence on television. A. B. C. D.

analysed shed light on analysed on shed light

2. In early …………………… times, the court, or household, was the centre of government. A. B. C. D.

middle-age Middle Ages medieval middle-aged

3. The scientific truth of evolution is so overwhelmingly established, that it is ………………………….. impossible to refute. A. virtually B. vitally C. visually D. essentially 4. The idea assumes that most people, most of the time, will take the simplest ……………….. to their destination. A. B. C. D.

294

way directions path route

SPEAKING

Fill in the blanks using the words that you have learnt in vocabulary list 10 – speaking section. AN UNEXPECTED MEETING Let me tell you about a time when I met with my friend at the airport. That was in the end of last year, when the Spring Festival was coming, and I was going back to my hometown. I was reading a magazine while waiting for my flight, then (1) ................................................, I heard a voice calling my name. I looked around and found that my old friend was standing in front of me and smiling at me. It totally (2) ................................................ because you know, it was nearly impossible to meet a person you know in such a big city and we even would take the same flight to the same destination. It was so exciting to meet an old friend and we hadn’t seen each other for two years, so we had lots of things to talk about. We shared a drink in the cafe and (3) ................................................ about what happened during the two years. His desire is to create a place for people who are seeking serenity and trying to escape from the hustle and bustle of city life, a café decorated elaborately with lights and houseplants, creating a calm, homely atmosphere for the customers. The conversation was such (4) ................................................ to me because never in a million years did I expect a business owner in such a timid person like him. Clearly there is (5) ................................................ WRITING

Fill in the blanks using the words that you have learnt in vocabulary list 10 – writing section. MY WORKING-FROM-HOME EXPERIENCE I was lucky enough to convince my employers to let me trial a working-from-home arrangement, and many people were very jealous, but I can tell you that it is not easy. One of the worst things about living in L.A. is the (1) ………………………. completely gridlocked for miles in both directions. I didn’t have the longest commute in the world, but when I added up how much time I was spending each week, month and year, it couldn’t go on. Also, the physical (2) …………….. to family and the convenience of being at home are tremendously comforting. Despite having no children back then, I still had two dogs, my precious Misha and Sasha to care for, so it can be especially (3) ……………………… to know that I was very near to them and available should they be needed for any reason. That being said, working from home takes a lot of dedication, self-control and discipline to motivate myself to persevere in working at home alone over the long run without (4) ………………………. to the distractions and losing drive and momentum. What’s more, the danger of being (5) …………………. for promotions and career development opportunities is quite real when you are away from the office and other more visible employees are actively and aggressively going after them.

295

VOCABULARY REVIEW 11 READING 1

Underline words with the indicated meanings in the extracts below 1. A noun – synonymous to ‘sample’ Samples should not be collected from the drainage bag tap as the urine specimen may be contaminated and inaccurate results may lead to inappropriate treatment. Ideally, samples should be collected before antibiotics are commenced as they may affect the result of the laboratory investigation. 2. A noun – the large size or importance of something The motivations and purposes which induced Cato to write, the range, the forms, the quality, even the basic nature of his compositions may all be subject to debate; but the magnitude of his achievement is beyond question. 3. A noun – a set of mathematic instructions or rules, used in a computer Once photos are shot, they are fed into the computational zoom system and run through its algorithm, which can figure out the camera's orientation based on the rest of the images ultimately it can build out the entire scene in 3D from a variety of viewpoints, which lets the photographer create a final image combining multiple perspectives. 4. a verb – to change direction, especially suddenly Owen Campbell, 66, was riding his motorcycle on Central Avenue just before 9:00 p.m. Tuesday when an officer with the Wolfeboro Police department noticed him fail to stop at a stop sign. The officer followed Campbell and saw him swerving and jerking his motorcycle around. When Campbell turned off of Central Ave., the officer watched as Campbell crossed all the way over the double yellow line as it was turning. As a result, Campbell was stopped by the officer on South Main St. 5. a noun – the reasons or intentions behind a work or an action For decades, the military itself had been conducting research into the impact of LGB service on readiness. This started with a study by the Navy back in 1957 called the “Crittenden Report,” which found that gay people were no more likely to be a security risk (the rationale for banning their service at the time) than their peers. Since then no less than 20 separate studies have

296

reached some variation of the same conclusion: There is no evidence that service by sexual minorities harms the military at all. READING 2

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words given in the box below. startling

bleak

evolutionary

hurdle

nudge

overhaul

1. Democracy is dying – and it's ……………………………. how few people are worried. 2. When the pop star showed up, people .......................... each other and pointed at her. 3. On the ……………………… mountains where the cattle could obtain no food, the sheep, being a smaller animal, finds abundance. 4. Age gap proves to be a …………………………. in building relationships, a new study says. 5. It is recommended that you take your car in for a (n) ………………………………. biannually. 6. According to researchers, mothers unconsciously raise the pitch of their voice as an ………………………………………….. trait in order to comfort their babies. READING 3

Unscramble the following words. 1. To put something such as a plan or system in danger of being harmed or damaged IESJOPEARD  ……………….. 2. Skill in making people feel entertained MANHIPSHSWO  ……………….. 3. An amount of money spent for a particular purpose, especially as a first investment in something YOULAT  ……………….. 4. The effect that an action or decision will have on something else in the future NIOMPILACTI  ………………..

297

LISTENING

What does the bolded word in each sentence mean? Choose A, B or C. Then write a new sentence for each underlined word. 1. ‘Children can be remarkably adaptable and are more resilient to trauma than older generations.’ A. more immune to trauma B. quicker to recover from trauma C. more susceptible to trauma  .................................................................................................................................. 2. The album attracted two nominations in the Folk Music awards with its radical approach to traditional music. A. relating to or affecting the fundamental nature of something B. characterised by independence of tradition; innovative or unorthodox C. having a pleasant sound; melodious or tuneful  .................................................................................................................................. 3. The boss gave us some specs when she set the task. A. spectacles B. specifications C. specialisations  .................................................................................................................................. 4. One of the highest mountains of Africa has its highest peak reaching an altitude of 17,007 ft. A. height above sea level B. height of a mountain calculated from its foot C. height of a mountain calculated from the nearest valley  ..................................................................................................................................

SPEAKING

Rearrange the words to make meaningful sentences. 1. breakthrough / blossomed / her / into / idea / historic / a  .................................................................................................................................. 2. or not / if / let’s / around / practical / it is / your idea / bounce / to see  ..................................................................................................................................

298

3. thing / an animal / the first / a cat / that / mind / my / into / came / was / our teacher / us / when / asked / to describe /  .................................................................................................................................. 4. have the power / quotes / us / a / through / bad week / inspirational / to get  .................................................................................................................................. WRITING

Rearrange the words to make meaningful sentences. 1. the accident / to make / we / adverse / the / a decision / to reduce / publicity / caused by / need  .................................................................................................................................. 2. economic growth / innovative / to drive / one / is / developing/ an / job creation / challenge / workforce / and  .................................................................................................................................. 3. huge / infrastructure / to revitalise / attempts / investments in / our / the economy / governments’ / involve  .................................................................................................................................. 4. life / to / Second / disruptions / World War / the / considerable / caused  ..................................................................................................................................

299

PRACTICE TEST

300

Candidate Number Candidate Name:

INTERNATIONAL ENGLISH LANGUAGE TESTING SYSTEM

LISTENING TEST Additional materials: answer sheet for Listening and Reading Time:

Approximately 30 minutes (plus 10 minutes’ transfer time)

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Do not open this question paper until you are told to do so. Write your name and candidate number in the spaces at the top of this page. Listen to the instructions for each part of the paper carefully. Answer all the questions. While you are listening, write your answers on the question paper. You will have 10 minutes at the end of the test to copy your answers onto the separate answer sheet. Use a pencil. At the end of the test, hand in this question paper. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES There are four parts to the test. You will hear each part once only. There are 40 questions. Each question carries one mark. For each part of the test, there will be time for you to look through the questions and time for you to check your answers.

301

SECTION 1

Questions 1-10

Questions 1 – 3 Choose the correct letter, A, B or C. Example The customer is leaving from A

Main Street.

Centenary Square.

Central Bus Station.

1. The customer's coach departs at A

1.00 p.m.

2.00 p.m.

3.00 p.m.

2. The customer wants A

a single ticket.

a return ticket.

an open return ticket.

3. The customer is going to London

302

to attend a family party.

to see his daughter.

for a meeting.

3 Questions 4-7 Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS OR A NUMBER for each answer.

Kieren Coaches Name:

Matthew 4………………………………………..

Address:

34 5………………………………………..

Telephone:

01732

Email:

matt

6……………………………………….. 7……………………………………….. @yahoo.co.uk

Questions 8-10 Choose the correct letter, A. B or C. 8. Apart from hand luggage, travellers A

must pay £10 for luggage.

can only take two additional suitcases.

are allowed up to 40 kilos of luggage free of charge.

9. Travel insurance A

is included.

costs extra.

is compulsory.

10. The customer decides to pay A

by debit card.

in cash.

by cheque.

303

4 SECTION 2

Questions 11-20

Questions 11-13 Choose THREE letters, A-F. Which THREE changes have been made to the library over the summer? A

a new roof

new computers

new shelf units

a self-service system

meeting room decorated

new furniture for the children

Questions 14-16 Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer: Which THREE events does the speaker say are taking place in September? 14 ........................................................................................................................................ 15 ........................................................................................................................................ 16 ........................................................................................................................................

304

5 Questions 17-18 Choose the correct letter, A, B or C. 17. The library needs a teacher for the Computer Club because A

the current teacher is leaving.

they are starting an additional group.

they want to start a higher-level class.

18. Who does the library want older people to talk to about the past? A

teachers

young children

teenagers

Questions 19-20 Choose TWO letters, A-E. In addition to books, which two services does the mobile library offer? A

computer lessons

a reservation service

a reference section

newspapers and magazines

community advice

305

6 SECTION 3

Questions 21-30

Questions 21-23 Complete the sentences below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. 21. The best days for engineering students are………………………………. 22. Students can get useful suggestions about………………………………. 23. Use the internet to look at……………………………….before the event

Questions 24-27 Choose the correct letter, A B or C. 24. Fergus says that A

there is one company he is particularly interested in.

he has done some research already.

he knows the boss at one of the companies.

25. The tutor thinks Fergus should A

prepare questions in advance.

research the skills required for jobs before the event.

find out what the starting salaries are.

26. Fergus plans A

to wear a suit and tie.

to wear smart but casual clothes.

to buy an outfit for the event.

27 The tutor suggests that Fergus

306

should ask particular people certain questions.

should avoid taking free gifts.

should treat conversations like short interviews.

7 Questions 28-30 Choose THREE letters, A-F. Why do the tutor and Fergus think it is useful to attend a jobs fair? A

to get a job

to find out what employers want from you

to give employers your contact details

to discover which the key companies to work for are

to practise your communication skills

to make useful contacts

307

8 SECTION 4

Questions 31 – 40

Questions 31-33 Choose the correct letter, A. B or C. 31 According to the speaker, A

people were healthier in the past.

ancient bones need to be handled with care.

bones offer clues to a person's lifestyle.

32 The island of Vanuatu A

was not always inhabited.

had no food sources.

was the only island in Remote Oceania.

33 Archaeologists wanted to discover A

what resources were available on the island.

if the settlers could rely entirely on local food sources.

the extent to which the settlers ate food they had brought with them.

Questions 34-37 Complete the sentences below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. 34 Bones provide a dietary………………………………. of the things people ate 35 Different ratios of carbon and sulphur are found in organisms depending on whether they come from the ……………… or………………. 36 Archaeologists analysed modern and………………………………. food sources for chemical elements. 37 The settlers ate wild creatures as well as……………………………….

308

9 Questions 38-39 Choose TWO letters, A-D. An analysis of the bones of men and women suggest that A

females ate more meat than males.

diet could have been determined by the job the person did.

some people held higher status than others.

food was distributed equally amongst the settlers.

Question 40 Choose the correct letter, A. B or C. The bones of pigs and chickens indicate that these animals A

only ate food provided by the settlers.

were a main source of food for the settlers.

probably did not consume the settlers limited food supplies.

309

Candidate Number Candidate Name:

INTERNATIONAL ENGLISH LANGUAGE TESTING SYSTEM

ACADEMIC READING TEST Additional materials: answer sheet for Listening and Reading Time:

1 hour

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Do not open this question paper until you are told to do so. Write your name and candidate number in the spaces at the top of this page. Read the instructions for each part of the paper carefully. Answer all the questions. Write your answer on the answer sheet. Use a pencil. You must complete the answer sheet within the time limit. At the end of the test, hand in both this question paper and your answer sheet. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES There are 40 questions on this question paper. Each question carries one mark.

310

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1 - 13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.

GIANT CAMEL FOSSIL FOUND IN ARCTIC Camels are well known for their ability to survive the hot and dry conditions of the desert but research suggests that they once thrived in a colder climate...

The idea that giant camels once roamed the Arctic along with polar bears and walruses is startling. Yet this is the key implication of research published by scientists working on Canada's Ellesmere Island. Lying deep inside the Arctic Circle, opposite Greenland's northern coast, Ellesmere is one of the world's coldest, bleakest spots. However, researchers have also found it was the home of a 3.5 million year old species of camel that later evolved into the creatures that now roam the Sahara and other hot spots. It seems that evolution can still throw up surprises. However, there is more to the project than merely uncovering the camel's unexpected evolutionary history. The researchers' work has also demonstrated the power of a dramatic new technique for investigating the pre-historic past. It is known as collagen fingerprinting, and many researchers believe it could transform our understanding of life on Earth. 'This is the first time that collagen has been extracted and used to identify a species from such ancient bone fragments' said Dr Mike Buckley of Manchester University's Institute of Biotechnology. 'This unlocks the huge potential of collagen fingerprinting to better identify extinct species’. Collagen is a protein that forms the connective tissue that holds bones together in an animal's skeleton, and it was only by analysing scraps of the material, found in the bones on Ellesmere, that scientists were able to identify the remains as those of an ancient camel. Indeed it was not evident at first that the remains were actually fossils. 'The first time I picked up a piece, I thought that it might be wood' said expedition leader Dr. Natalia Rybczynski of the Canadian Museum of Nature. 'It was only back at the field camp that I was able to ascertain that it was not only bone, but also from a fossil mammal larger than anything we had seen so far'. However, it was the analysis of the collagen attached to the bones that provided proof that these once belonged to the family Paracamelus, from which all modern camels are descended. The results show an almost identical match to the modern-day one-humped camel, the dromedary. A comparison of the chemical makeup of the collagen with the tissue from lee Age Yukon camels revealed more than similarities – they were found to be closely related, and possibly the same species. In addition, anatomical data suggest the leg bone found on Ellesmere was one third larger than the same bone in a modern camel indicating that this giant creature would likely have stood about 3.5 metres tall at the hump. The findings suggest that mineralisation worked along with cold temperatures to help preserve the proteins in the bones. 'This specimen is spectacular and provides important clues about how such exceptional preservation may occur' said Dr Buckley.

311

In the past, scientists have speculated that the camel still bears features that could have evolved to cope with harsh polar winters. Traits found in modern camels, such as their humps which serve as a fat store, would have benefited their ancestors during the deep winters when food was scarce. Other camel characteristics that would have been useful in the frozen conditions include the species' flat feet, which support the animal on soft ground such as loose sand or in the same way that a snowshoe helps a person walk on snow. Their large eyes would also have helped them peer through low light and forage for food during the long, Arctic winter. At that time, annual average temperatures in the area was about -4 degrees C, barely below freezing but still about 18 degrees C warmer than the modern average. The camels that evolved in North America may have then migrated across Asia via a land bridge between Alaska and Russia. The Ellesmere Island site is about 1200 kilometres further north than any previous camel find. Fossils unearthed at a location about ten kilometres away from the camel find and from rocks of approximately the same age, reveal that the landscape hosted an open forest inhabited by bears, rabbits, beavers and a pony-sized three-toed horse. The findings indicate that these animals were living, even thriving, at latitudes where few mammals can now exist.

The idea is intriguing – but it is only the start. Collagen fingerprinting is several orders of magnitude more effective at establishing links between ancient fossils and modern species compared with DNA fingerprinting, which has been used up to now. Collagen does not break down as speedily as DNA and so it can be used to study animals that are millions of years old and establish links with modern species by studying slight changes in their amino acid structure. As a result, scientists are now focussing on a wide range of species, from angelfish to zebras, to uncover links between ancient and modern animals. 'This is going to provide some startling results', said Dr Buckley.

312

Questions 1-8 Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN ONE WORD from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 1 - 8 on your answer sheet.

Collagen fingerprinting Fossil research using collagen fingerprinting shows that camels once lived on Ellesmere Island. By studying fossils, scientists have made surprising discoveries about the animal's 1…………………….. history. The research team took collagen which is a 2…………………….. found in bone, from the fossil and compared it with collagen found in other fossils and modern animals. They found a near perfect 3…………………….. between the now extinct camel and the modern one-hump camel. It also shared a number of 4…………………….. with the Ice Age Yukon camel. Both the collagen and 5…………………….. information demonstrated that the bone fragments belonged to a giant camel. They were approximately three times 6…………………….. compared to the same bones in a modern day camel. The protein was able to survive for three and a half million years due to the process of 7…………………….. which helped seal the bones. The cold climate of the region also ensured the 8…………………….. of the collagen in the fossils.

Questions 9-13 Complete the notes below. Write TWO WORDS OR A NUMBER ONLY for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 9-12 on your answer sheet. Physical characteristics of the Giant Camel Measured 9…………………….. in height Used its hump as a 10…………………….. Had large eyes to cope with 11…………………….. in winter Had ideal feet for 12…………………….. terrain so it didn't sink through 13……………………..

313

READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14 - 26, which are based on Reading Passage 2.

Cars that can drive themselves

314

The idea of the self-driving car dates back to before the Second World War. Visitors to General Motors' 'Futurama' at the 1939 World Fair in New York were shown a vision of the future in 1960, in which radio-controlled automobiles would zip along perfectly safe highways. In the 1950s, General Motors and the Radio Corporation of America began experimenting with such a system, digging radio-transmitting cables into roads at a cost of around $100,000 per mile.

The system worked. In 1958, a Chevrolet impala made it round a special course 'without the driver's hands on the steering wheel' but it joined the list of other expensive automated dreams. The first real breakthroughs for self-driving cars took place in the late 1980s, in the £800m Eureka Promethesus Project, led by Ernst Dickmanns of the Bundeswehr University Munich, a pioneer of computer vision. Using just four black and white cameras, Dickmanns's cars managed two road trips of more than 1,000 kilometres through Europe in 1994 and 1995, driving without human intervention 95% of the time. Automated cars have made huge leaps and bounds in recent years. Starting in 2004, Darpa, the high-tech research wing of the US military, ran a series of competitions for driverless vehicles. The winning team was hired by Google, and for years the technology company ran a fleet of automated cars around the highways of California. So far the cars have clocked up 200,000 miles and have been involved in one minor human-caused accident. Google is not on its own. Other car manufacturers also have some kind of automated car in the works, with research and testing also going on in the UK and Germany.

Most driverless cars share the same 'Velodyne' laser system on their roofs. 64 spinning lasers provide a constant, 3D view of the environment 40 metres around the car, while radars on the bumpers and a rear-view camera also feed in information. The data is sorted by algorithms that distinguish between cars, pedestrians, plastic bags and cats, and tell the car what to do. Automated cars are programmed to be model drivers: they stop when pedestrians step onto the road; they give way when they should; they stay out of other cars' blindspots and nudge forward when other cars should be letting them through.

Across the world, 1.2 million people are killed or injured on the roads each year with human error to blame 90% of the time. 'It's amazing to me that we let humans drive cars,' says Eric Schmidt, the executive director of Google. Paul Newman, a robotics engineer at Oxford University, says it is only a matter of time before we hand over the wheel. 'It's crazy to imagine that in ten to twenty years we'll still have to sit behind a wheel, concentrating hard, not falling asleep and not running over people', he says. Computer-controlled cars offer the benefits of safety, fuel efficiency and speed. Roads full of automated cars, all communicating with one another, will see vehicles going bumper-to-bumper at 70mph, eliminating traffic jams.

In spite of the encouraging pace of development, however, enormous hurdles still remain, notably how to engineer human common sense. 'Imagine a situation where a box falls onto the road in front of you; says John Leonard, a mechanical engineering professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 'The system needs to make a split-second decision to either go straight through it or to swerve left or right – which might have worse consequences than just going forward'. Other challenges include recognising the weaknesses of automated cars: how do their sensors respond to glare, poor weather, or damage?

However, no matter how good, their guidance systems are, self-driven cars will still have accidents. In which case, who will be responsible – the car manufacturer, the software developer or the human driver – for failing to override the computer at the critical moment? But will the cars even have people on board? One of the attractions, surely, will be in ordering them to come and pick us up: in which case will it be empty car A, or car B with driver, which is to blame for a driving mistake? In whatever form they emerge, automated cars will require the greatest overhaul of the law of the roads since the rise of the automobile in the first half of the 20th century.

It seems unlikely, at least for the time being, that drivers will hand over their car keys. A lot of people actually like to drive and hate being passengers. More likely we will see a continuation of the gradual automation of cars that have been under way for two decades, during which automatic lane-keeping, cruise control and parking aids have been gratefully taken up. A new Volvo, for example, now maintains safe distances in heavy traffic without human intervention, and Nissan is working on software that anticipates a driver's next move, adjusting the car ahead of time. Piece by piece, radars, lasers, car to car communication, and the warning of dangers ahead will be added as well, slowly easing the wheel out of our hands.

315

Questions 14 - 20 The reading passage has seven paragraphs A-G Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below. Write the correct numbers i- x in boxes 14- 20 on your answer sheet. List of Headings i

The legal implications of automated driving

The limitations of the automated car

iii

Towards a partial public acceptance of automated cars

The long dream of the automated car

The downward trend in the demand for automated cars

The definition of an automated car

vii

The current financial cost of developing automated car technology

viii The rationale behind the concept of the automated car ix

Common technological features of automated cars

Remarkable success of automated cars on the road

14. Paragraph A 15. Paragraph B 16. Paragraph C 17. Paragraph D 18. Parag raph E 19. Paragraph F 20. Paragraph G

316

Questions 21-26 Complete the summary below using words from the box. Write your answers in boxes 21-26 on your answer sheet.

The benefits of driverless cars Driverless cars are designed to react 21…………………… in comparison to humans. They also have 360 degree perception and do not get distracted or sleepy. Engineers believe that the technology could 22…………………… the capacity of roads by allowing cars to drive with a greater degree of safety when they are 23…………………… together. Because driverless cars are 24……………………to be involved in collisions, they could be built lighter and therefore use 25…………………… fuel. However, to be completely safe, driverless cars must be 26…………………… in comparison with today's computers. substantially increase

more slowly

closer

less than double

more reliable

more likely

further

heavier

less

a lot less likely

far higher

faster

317

READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27 - 40, which are based on Reading Passage 3.

Freerunning A

Freerunning – or Parkour – is an acrobatic discipline which turns the city into a playground. It has been described as jogging meets gymnastics, as urban-steeplechase aerobics and as acrobatic performance art.

The discipline of Parkour – sport really is not an accurate way of describing it – was developed in the suburbs of Paris in the 1980s when a group of friends began to use the architectural landscape as their playground and gym. Fun was important for these founders, but for them Parkour was not just a leisure activity, it was a way of life. As in martial arts, Parkour involves mental discipline and self-improvement. It is not concerned solely with the acquisition of physical skills, but also with the improvement of one's mental and spiritual wellbeing. As one runner comments, 'It teaches me not to be scared in life, when new situations come to me, I deal with them calmly, like I would do before a new jump.'

So, freerunning provides a philosophy for life: why walk when you could run, leap, vault and somersault? Why go round obstacles when you could go under, over and through them? Why use steps when there are handrails and sheer drops? The aim of a freerunner, or traceur, is to travel in an uninterrupted flow over the cityscape, incorporating any obstacles into the journey. 'Flow' is a key word here. Using fluid movements, which are both graceful and efficient, you try to flow like water through your surroundings. Freedom is another key aspect – the sense of escaping from the restrictions of your surroundings and routine. In attempting to become 'fluid like water', the traceur tries to use the body as efficiently as possible. At the same time, they have respect for their surroundings and disapprove of anything, such as the grinding and waxing done by skateboarders, which damages them.

This respect was not immediately evident to the people whose buildings they were using. Informal groups of young men testing their skills on public or other people's property, naturally met with disapproval and even hostility - and for many traceurs this was the thrill or even the point of doing it. Knowing that it was an underground activity that belonged only to a select portion of urban youth was what made it special, what made it theirs.

The free, accessible nature of freerunning means it has the potential to engage groups of young people who are typically unmoved by traditional sports. Basically anyone can practise, anywhere – all you need is a decent pair of trainers, so the financial outlay is negligible. There are no joining fees, no forms to fill in and no rules and regulations. However, there is a shared attitude among the original traceurs, which they feel is being jeopardised by its rapidly increasing popularity.

318

The TV ads involving the early French founders of the discipline drew attention from all over the world. A British documentary showed the founders running over the rooftops of famous London landmarks, which encouraged many to start to practise themselves. Subsequently the French were joined by a group of English traceurs called Urban Freeflow demonstrating the rapid growth of Parkour.

But it is this growing popularity and the acrobatic and spectacular performances which have attracted so much attention, that may contain the very few elements which some feel will change the nature of Parkour. The public approval and corporate sponsorship which could popularise the sport could actually destroy it. Yet that is the direction in which even some early traceurs would like it to take – away from the founders' original philosophy.

Media and big business have been attracted to the youthful appeal of the discipline. TV, which has done so much to popularise the activity, demands dramatic, showy visuals, including flips and somersaults. These daring embellishments are known as 'tricking', a term which, while it is an accurate description, might also suggest a false approach to the discipline. While the original traceurs might argue that true Parkour should not involve competition, there are forces pushing it in that direction.

There are participants of course, for whom entertainment and showmanship are the point. Inspired by YouTube clips, young people across Britain are adopting a form of freerunning which includes competing to produce moves which are spectacular. Runners who want to display acrobatics to each other are also more likely to stay in one place, abandoning the physical journey and its random challenges.

The promoters of Parkour call it 'the coolest way for young people to get fit and stay healthy' and 'a fitness regime designed by young people for young people' and there are organisations where the words 'cool' and 'young' spark a great deal of interest. Councils, seeing this growing popularity, have started looking at ways to take the activity into schools or even to create 'freerun parks' and major companies, meanwhile, are keen to have their brands associated with the youthfulness of the activity. Freerunners on the street seem to be particularly sceptical about commercialisation. There are already special Freerunning trainers you can buy' says a young traceur, who like most, wears a simple T-shirt, baggy tracksuit bottoms and unbranded trainers for the sport. Another neatly summed up the contradiction within the notion of this young, rebellious activity becoming mainstream, 'I don't think I would do it if it really took off.'

319

Questions 27-34 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage? In boxes 27-34 on your answer sheet, write YES

if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer

if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

NOT GIVEN

if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

27. Freerunning takes influences from several other sports and activities. 28. It is difficult to define what freerunning is. 29. It is not known where freerunning originated. 30. Freerunning is more popular with men than women. 31. Freerunners use similar movements to skateboarders. 32. Freerunning is an expensive activity for participants. 33. Freerunning was introduced to the British public by a TV advertisem*nt. 34. Few newcomers to freerunning share the same view of the activity as the original founders.

320

Questions 35-37 Choose THREE letters A-F. Write your answers in boxes 35-37 of your answer sheet.

Which THREE of the following statements about the discipline of freerunning are true according to the passage? A

It only focusses on the development of physical capabilities.

It is evolving into a competitive activity.

It involves a personal choice of movements.

It encourages dangerous behaviour.

It requires the ability to look beyond the traditional use of objects.

It is mainly performed in freerun parks.

Questions 38-40 Choose THREE letters A-F. Write your answers in boxes 38-40 of your answer sheet.

Which THREE movements are associated with freerunning according to the text? A

flipping

hopping

jumping

rolling

squatting

walking

321

Candidate Number Candidate Name:

INTERNATIONAL ENGLISH LANGUAGE TESTING SYSTEM

ACADEMIC WRITING Additional materials: Writing answer booklet Time:

1 hour

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Do not open this question paper until you are told to do so. Write your name and candidate number in the spaces at the top of this page. Read the instructions for each task carefully. Answer both of the tasks. Write at least 150 words for Task 1. Write at least 250 words for Task 2. Write your answers in the answer booklet. Write clearly in pen or pencil. You may make alterations, but make sure your work is easy to read. At the end of the test, hand in both this question paper and your answer booklet.

322

1 WRITING TASK 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. The graph below shows the spending of UK residents on visits abroad between 1993 and 2013. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Write at least 150 words.

323

2 WRITING TASK 2 You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Hosting major sporting event such as the Olympics or the football World Cup offers significant benefits to the country concerned, yet the costs involved can be excessive and may divert funds from other important areas. What are the benefits of being a host, and do these outweigh the financial implications?

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Write at least 250 words.

324

YOLA INSTITUTE IELTS TEST PART 4 – SPEAKING DURATION: 10-12 MINUTES SECTION 1 – 3 minutes

You will ask the candidate about him/herself, his/her home, work or studies and familiar topics. 1. What is your full name? How shall I call you? 2. Can you please introduce a little bit about yourself Let’s talk about laughing (Please ask students 3-4 questions from this list) 3. What kind of things make you laugh?

4. Do you like making other people laugh? [Why/Why not?] 5. Do you think it’s important for people to laugh? [Why/Why not?] 6. Is laughing the same as feeling happy [Why/Why not]?

SECTION 2 – 4 minutes You will give the candidate a topic on a card and ask him/her to talk about it for one to two minutes. You will give the candidate one minute to prepare for his/her answer. After one minute, you will ask him/her to present the answer about the topic on the card. Instruction: I’m going to give you a card with a topic. You will have one minute to prepare for your answer. You can take some notes. After one minute you will present your answer from one to two minutes. Here is your card. Describe an idea you had for improving something at work or college You should say: when and where you had your idea what your idea was who you told about your idea and explain why you thought your idea would make an improvement SECTION 3 – 3 minutes You will ask some more general questions (2 – 3 questions) which follow on from the topic in Part 2. Discussion topics: Ideas and education Some people think that education should be about memorising important ideas of the past. Do you agree or disagree? Why? Should education encourage students to have their own new ideas? Why? How do you think teachers could help students to develop and share their own ideas? Ideas in the workplace Should employers encourage their workers to have new ideas about improving the company? Why? Do you think people sometimes dislike ideas just because they are new? Why? What is more difficult: having new ideas or putting them into practice? 325

Advanced - Supplementary Book (Jan 5 2018) - PDFCOFFEE.COM (2024)

References